We developed and validated an aquaticity assessment test (AAT) for the evaluation of human physical adequacy in the water. Forty-six volunteers (25M/21F; 20±8 years,) participated and performed 10 easy-to-administer and practical aquatic tasks. Group A was formed by 36 elite athletes (M/F 20/16, 24.7±10yrs) from two sports categories depending on their affinity to the water environment: terrestrial (wrestling, cycling, dancing) and aquatic (swimming, synchronized swimming, free diving) sports. Group B was formed by 10 non-athlete participants (5M/5F, 14.4±1.4yrs) and was assessed by two independent evaluators. Participants in Group A performed the aquatic tasks once to develop the final AAT items and cutoffs. Participants in Group B performed the aquatic tasks twice on different days to assess repeatability. Factor analysis recommended all 10 aquatic tasks to be included in the final AAT, resulting in scores ranging from 9.5-49.5. The AAT scores were statistically different between the terrestrial and the aquatic sports' participants (p<0.001). The duration of the test was 25 minutes from the time of water entry. Receiver operating characteristics curve analyses demonstrated that the cutoffs for low and high aquaticity levels in this sample were ≤23.7 and ≥43.3, respectively. Reliability analyses demonstrated that the aquaticity scores obtained on different days and by different examiners highly correlated (p<0.001) and were not significantly different (p>0.05). The AAT appears to be a valid and reliable tool for the evaluation of human physical adequacy in the water. It is an easy and user-friendly test which can be performed in any swimming pool without a need for highly trained staff and specialized equipment, however more research needs to be done in order to be applied in other population group.4
Aim The main objectives of this research were to a) examine the test‐retest reliability of aquaticity test (study 1), b) investigate the efficacy of ‘swimming lesson’, during the physical education course, in the aquaticity (study 2) and c) examine enjoyment from the ‘swimming lesson’ (study 3) in primary school students of the 3rd grade. Methods In the first study, 23 students performed 2 assessment sessions for the evaluation of aquaticity, separated by 1 week. In the second study, 30 students followed a short‐term swimming training programme (9 sessions). Before and after the programme, students’ aquaticity was assessed. In the third study, enjoyment was examined in 273 students who followed the short‐term swimming programme. Results The test‐retest reliability for the assessment of students’ aquaticity was high (ICC = 0.87‐0.99). Paired t tests, also, revealed significant improvement (28‐62.7%) in the aquaticity of the children following the swimming programme. A great percentage of students reported high levels of enjoyment (92.2%). Conclusion A short‐term swimming programme, incorporated into the physical education course, is an enjoyable exercise modality that may be used for the improvement of children's aquaticity. We, also, found that the testing protocol may be reliably used for the evaluation of aquaticity in the paediatric population.
Αυτή η διδακτορική διατριβή αποτελεί μια ολοκληρωμένη προσέγγιση για το θέμα της «Ανθρώπινης Υδροβιότητας». Μέχρι πρόσφατα, ο όρος υδροβιότητα χρησιμοποιούταν εμπειρικά, από κολυμβητές και προπονητές του υγρού στίβου και των θαλάσσιων αθλημάτων για να περιγράψουν χαρακτηριστικά όπως «άνεση» «απόδοση», «πλευστότητα» και «ηρεμία» μέσα στο νερό ενώ για τους ελεύθερους δύτες ο όρος «υδροβιότητα» αναφέρεται στην ικανότητα του δύτη να καταδυθεί σε μεγάλο βάθος και να έχει ψυχική ηρεμία και συγκέντρωση την ώρα της προσπάθειας. Εκτός από την παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διατριβή, δεν υπάρχουν άλλα επιστημονικά στοιχεία και άρθρα που να εξετάζουν το θέμα της ανθρώπινης υδροβιότητας. Οι σκοποί της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής ήταν, να προσδιορισθεί ο όρος " Υδροβιότητα ", να αναπτυχθεί ένα τεστ για την αξιολόγηση των επιπέδων υδροβιότητας στους ανθρώπους και να διερευνηθεί κατά πόσον η υδροβιότητα, μπορεί να βελτιωθεί με την εφαρμογή ενός προγράμματος παρέμβασης.
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the global event industry has been deeply affected. In Greece, the scale of the coronavirus crisis brings back memories of the 2008 financial crisis; both are crises that reshaped society in lasting ways. The 2008 financial crisis showed that the event industry in Greece can survive adverse conditions. In the following years, although Greece has been under strict austerity measures and economic hardship, the Greek calendar continued to feature a range of cultural festivals and events, especially during the summer months of the peak tourism season. Music and dance festivals are a mainstay of the creative event industry in Greece, because they not only enhance local development and tourism but also contribute to artistic expression and the utilization of cultural capital. The COVID-19 pandemic crisis has put at risk most events around the globe. According to chaos theory, the principle of ‘butterfly effect’ explains how small incidents may cause large effects to broader systems; in this manner alike the COVID-19 outbreak has plunged the global into a serious pandemic crisis. In the event industry, strict social distancing and restrictions to minimize the spread of coronavirus have set new norms in socializing and celebrating. Concerns about safety in gatherings have led to cancelling or reshaping events. The Greek government imposed consecutive lockdowns that paralyzed the already dismal social and business environment from a 10-year economic depression. Local or national lockdowns limit the range of managerial responses in event planning and make it more difficult for any level of crisis preparedness to be achieved. Thus, major uncertainties have arisen about the future and survival of events in Greece. How are event organizers responding to the crisis and adapting to the new conditions? What decision-making processes do they employ to deal with the consequences of the crisis? The purpose of this chapter is to throw light on the empirical decision-making of event managers to re-organize the National Ballet Competition of Greece as a virtual event. This experience is discussed alongside pertinent literature to highlight major issues and responses.
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