In this research, The boundaries of the Koya catchment area have been delineated, and valley paths in the region were drawn by using the Water Modeling System (WMS) software, Analysis of the morphometric information indicated that the morphometric characteristics of watersheds contribute to the floods. The average surface runoff depth depends on the curve number values that are determined based on the types of soil cover and soil class according to Harmonized World Soil Database HWSD software that indicates the soil class in the study area are Group B silt loam, The results obtained also show that the potential for surface runoff varies with land use and soil characteristics. Also, the value of the curve number (CN) was determined to be 71. The hydrological modeling was performed by the HEC-HMS program that simulates the process of rainfall to runoff using the SCS curve number model. A flood hydrograph was constructed at the catchment area outlet and the floodplain delineation was verified by the HEC-RAS software. The results indicated that the 100-year return period flood could Reach critical areas such as the urban area, agricultural area, residential areas. the results of this study indicate that there are suitable sites in the catchment areas for constructing small dams and ponds for water harvesting.
Most of the countries in the world are suffering from the air pollution problem, including both developed and developing countries, due to their urban expansion and overpopulation. Erbil has seen a significant expansion in its population. This was complemented by significant progress in a variety of sectors. The increase in numbers of power generators and increasing the number of cars lead to an increase in the number of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. This study is concerned with the analyses and evaluation of our air quality in gaseous Pollutants such as CO, NO, NO 2 O 3 , and SO 2 , then compare the concentrations of these gases with the allowable limits issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The dependence of ground-level ozone levels was modelled using statistical analysis and the multiple linear regression approach. The data were obtained from the Board of Environmental Protection and Improvement, Erbil-government-office for 2015 to 2018, which includes the concentration of the pollutants mentioned above and metrological conditions such as (wind direction, wind speed, temperature, air pressure, the relative humidity for the same period. The results show there was some increase in air pollutants. The best prediction equation (R 2 = 0.671) presents the dependence of ozone concentration in Erbil city depending on data for two years (2015 and 2016) by utilizing multiple linear regression analysis. The following software was used to analyze and plot the data (Microsoft Excel 2013, WRplot V.7.0.0 and SPSS version 14).
The city of Erbil, the capital of the Kurdistan Region-Iraq, is exposed to frequent floods and cause human and material losses. The current research is analysis of floods as a case study on Zerin City, which was exposed to flood last session 2021-2022. The analysis is based on using different Hydrologic software and digital elevation models, soil data, rainfall data and land use data, were used in order to determine the boundary of catchment area, the area extension of flood plain, depth of flood, water velocity through hydrologic modeling. The results showed that there is a big similarity between the real flood and the modeled flood. Some of the natural water streamlines (valleys) have been filled and the remaining were unable to pass the excess flow generated by the storm. The agricultural lands were not ploughed due to the late rains in this season. Accordingly, increase in the curve number CN (the estimated CN was 79) have been used, the flood inundation, water depth, and velocity through the modeling rainfall storm of return period 50 years on the Zerin City has been done in modeling. The results are a scientific tool that can be used to assess the damages of the study area, and is useful for decision makers.
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