Prudent management of Iraqi water resources under climate change conditions requires plans to be based on actual figures of the storage capacity of existing reservoirs. With the absence of sediment flushing measures, the actual storage capacity of Dokan Reservoir (operated since 1959) has been affected by the amount of sediment delivered during its operational life leading to an undetermined reduction in its storage capacity. In consequence, there has not been an update on the dam's operational storage capacity curves. In this research, new operational curves were established for the reservoir based on a recent bathymetric survey undertaken in 2014. The reduction in reservoir capacity during the period between 1959 and 2014 was calculated by the mean of the difference between the designed storage capacity and the storage capacity which was concluded from the 2014 bathymetric survey. Moreover, the rate of sediment transported to the reservoir was calculated based on the overall quantities of accumulated sediment and the water discharge of the Lesser Zab River into the reservoir. The results indicate that the dam capacity is reduced by 25% due to sedimentation of an estimated volume of 367 million cubic metres at water level 480 m.a.s.l. The annual sedimentation rate was about 6.6 million cubic metres, and the sediment yield was estimated to be 701.2 t∙km−3∙year.
In this research, The boundaries of the Koya catchment area have been delineated, and valley paths in the region were drawn by using the Water Modeling System (WMS) software, Analysis of the morphometric information indicated that the morphometric characteristics of watersheds contribute to the floods. The average surface runoff depth depends on the curve number values that are determined based on the types of soil cover and soil class according to Harmonized World Soil Database HWSD software that indicates the soil class in the study area are Group B silt loam, The results obtained also show that the potential for surface runoff varies with land use and soil characteristics. Also, the value of the curve number (CN) was determined to be 71. The hydrological modeling was performed by the HEC-HMS program that simulates the process of rainfall to runoff using the SCS curve number model. A flood hydrograph was constructed at the catchment area outlet and the floodplain delineation was verified by the HEC-RAS software. The results indicated that the 100-year return period flood could Reach critical areas such as the urban area, agricultural area, residential areas. the results of this study indicate that there are suitable sites in the catchment areas for constructing small dams and ponds for water harvesting.
Pharmaceuticals are chemicals that are bioactive and can have potential effects on living systems. After being used or excreted by wastewater (WW) and sewage treatment systems, various types of pharmaceuticals enter the environment. There should be no underestimation of the complexity of these hazards. More than 3,000 different substances are used in modern drugs, including painkillers, antibiotics, contraceptives, and many more. Therefore, it is important to find out the characteristics and treatment methods for pharmaceutical wastewater (PWW), because the disposal of raw PWW causes human and environmental problems. According to the current literature, various treatment options have been investigated for the removal or reduction of medicines in PWW, such as the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, carbon filtration through activated carbon, membrane bioreactor (MBR), microalgal bioremediation, ultraviolet-free surface reactor (UV-FSR), solar or ferrioxalate photocatalysis, etc. Removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS) in the PWW ranged between 20% and 95%. In light of the inadequacy of water resources, it’s necessary to know and develop methodologies for the treatment of pharmaceutical effluent as a part of water management.
A Ground Penetrating Radar for bathymetry and water current velocity was used to estimate the discharge value of Lesser Zab River at Klesa station with coordinates (35º 53’ 08.21′′ N, 44º 35′ 35.90′′ E). Two traverses were taken across the river which represented two sites in Klesa area which were (A-B) traverse with the coordinates (N 3970652 and E 491898), and (C-D) traverse with the coordinates (N 3972195 and E 487681). Measuring water flow rate by velocity area method was done by Mid-section method, to confirm the validity of the data; two sections were conducted for each of the two traverses to deduce two radargrams along the profiles (A-B) and (D-C). The radargrams drew by using sophisticated software and were very helpful in detecting the river floor topography and depth variation along both profiles, the distance between the two sites was 5 km. The results indicate that the maximum width of the river at stations is 36.5m and the maximum water depth of Lesser Zab River is 4.75m, maximum velocity is 1.88 m/s. The water flow rate deviates from 136.737m3/s to 147.23m3/s. The average discharge for Lesser Zab river = 141.983 m3/s. This discharge is under normal average because the data was taken in November 2019. Because of the mild weather and the lack of electricity consumption, so using these results in water resource management and planning for satisfying domestic consumption, irrigation, industrial consumption, …etc. in the Klesa area, will be economically beneficial for the water management policy of the country.
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