Hales showed how enzymes could be used instead of isotopes in an immunometric assay.The great need for early and accurate diagnosis of disease also prompted further development of immunodiagnostic methods. Radioimmunoassay Report
Tennessee Center for the Health Sciences, Memphis, Tennessee Recent developments in immunochemical techniques have resulted in a new ultrasensitive analytical method known as liposome immunoassay (LIA). Liposomes are key elements in performing LIAs, as discussed in this review. They are sspecifically designed to participate in immune reactions. A variety of chemical markers described to participate in immune reactions. A variety of chemical markers described can be encapsulated in liposomes and used as quantitative indicators of reactions occurring. Details are given of liposomal agglutination and lysis that are essential LIA ingredients. Basic designs for determining reaction rates, measuring immune complexes, and quantitating analytes are evaluated. Vesicle formation, marker encapsulation, and liposomal lysis are presented to provide a better understanding of LIA performance. Basic principles of LIAs are described which include homogeneous, heterogeneous, competitive, and direct techniques. Cytolytic and complement-mediated LIAs are also compared. Advantages and disadvantages of performing LIAs electrochemically or spectrophotometrically are also presented. LIA applications discussed include measuring antigens, antibodies, drug monitoring, detecting infectious diseases, and diagnosing congenital disorders.
An exciting new analytical technique based on amperometric devices used to measure immunoassays is reviewed in this article. The utility, ease, speed, simplicity, and many other advantages of performing amperometric immunoassays (AIAs) are discussed throughout the review. Limitations are also described, with electrochemical comparisons being made between AIAs and other conventional analytical methods, including potentiometric immunoassays. The review essentially consists of a general AIA overview, followed by sections devoted to amperometric electrode types, assay design, basic principles, automation, application, and future use. Operational features of oxygen gas selective electrodes and oxidoreductase probes are discussed for a better understanding of AIA principles. Characteristics, limits, advantages, and disadvantages of these different devices are presented. A variety of homogeneous and heterogeneous AIAs are described, together with many applications of the different assay formats available. AIAs are classified according to the electrode type employed, enzyme labels required, or electrochemical components involved. Important related AIAs discussed include pulse agglutination reactions and bioaffinity or displacement assays.
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