Novel Liposome Immunoassays for Detecting Antigens, Antibodies, and Haptens

Monroe, Dan

doi:10.3109/08982108909036001

Cited by 24 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…A number of labels such as enzymes, radioactive isotopes, fluorogenic reporters, DNA reporters, chemical probes, and nanomaterials are used in labelled immunoassays to modify or detect the antibodies and antigen analytes. The two very common enzyme probes used in immunoassays are horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) or glucose oxidase (GO) and are referred to as enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) [96][97][98], ELISAs [96][97][98], and enzymemultiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) [96][97][98]. Radioimmunoassays (RIAs) [96,97,99] use radioactive isotopes to label antigen or antibody.…”

Section: Immunoassay-based Diagnostic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two very common enzyme probes used in immunoassays are horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) or glucose oxidase (GO) and are referred to as enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) [96][97][98], ELISAs [96][97][98], and enzymemultiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) [96][97][98]. Radioimmunoassays (RIAs) [96,97,99] use radioactive isotopes to label antigen or antibody. Fluoroimmunoassays (FIAs) [100] are similar to RIAs, except instead of a radioisotope, the label is a fluorophore (e.g., Rhodamin and phycoerythrin).…”

Section: Immunoassay-based Diagnostic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DNA reporters are used as label in these assays. Other labelbased immunoassays are particle counting immunoassays (PACIAs) [104], liposome immunoassays (LIAs) [97,105], flow-injecting immunoassays (FIIs) [106], chemiluminescence immunoassays (CLIAs) [107], and lateral flow or immunochromatographic immunoassays [108]. Label-free immunoassays use detection methods that do not rely on labeling or modification.…”

Section: Immunoassay-based Diagnostic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnostic assay and technology advancement for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections causing the COVID-19 pandemic

Dhar

2022

Anal Bioanal Chem

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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-caused COVID-19 pandemic has transmitted to humans in practically all parts of the world, producing socio-economic turmoil. There is an urgent need for precise, fast, and affordable diagnostic testing to be widely available for detecting SARS-CoV-2 and its mutations in various phases of the disease. Early diagnosis with great precision has been achieved using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and similar other molecular methods, but theseapproaches are costly and involve rigorous processes that are not easily obtainable. Conversely, immunoassays that detect a small number of antibodies have been employed for quick, low-cost tests, but their efficiency in diagnosing infected people has been restricted. The use of biosensors in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 is vital for the COVID-19 pandemic's control. This review gives an overview of COVID-19 diagnostic approaches that are currently being developed as well as nanomaterial-based biosensor technologies, to aid future technological advancement and innovation. These approaches can be integrated into point-of-care (POC) devices to quickly identify a large number of infected patients and asymptomatic carriers. The ongoing research endeavors and developments in complementary technologies will play a significant role in curbing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and fill the knowledge gaps in current diagnostic accuracy and capacity.

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Section: Immunoassay-based Diagnostic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Immunoassay-based Diagnostic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Immunoassay-based Diagnostic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnostic assay and technology advancement for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections causing the COVID-19 pandemic

Dhar

2022

Anal Bioanal Chem

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“…A good optical marker of choice for encapsulation into liposomes should possess a high quantum yield or a high degree of fluorescence, high molar absorptivity, better chemical stability, and good solubility in water or buffer over a wide pH range. 36 In this paper, a novel approach was presented. It combined FIA with a liposome-amplified competitive bioluminescence immunoassay and a capillary immunoreactor column to create a flow injection liposome immunoanalytical (FILIA) system as an alternative analytical method for the detection of biotin.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of a Liposomal Bioluminescent Label in the Development of a Flow Injection Immunoanalytical System

Huang

2005

Anal. Chem.

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A flow injection liposome immunoanalytical system was developed using biotin as the model analyte and liposomal aequorin as the label. Aequorin is a photoprotein isolated from luminescent jellyfish (notably Aequorea victoria) and other marine organisms that emits visible light in the presence of a trace of Ca2+. Because of this characteristic, the aequorin complex has been used as an intracellular Ca2+ indicator. In this study, a bioluminescent label was designed by encapsulating aequorin inside the cavity of the liposome, whose outer surface was sensitized with the analyte of interest. The analyte-tagged liposomal aequorin was employed in the development of a heterogeneous bioluminescence immunoassay for the model analyte biotin. The proposed immunoassay was based on the competition between the model biotin and aequorin-encapsulating, biotin-tagged liposomes for a limited number of anti-biotin antibody-binding sites. The anti-biotin antibodies were immobilized via protein A in a capillary immunoreactor column, and 30% MeOH was used for the regeneration of antibody-binding sites after each measurement, which allowed the immunoreactor to be used for up to 50 sequential sample injections without any loss of reactivity. The calibration curve for biotin in Tris-buffered saline solution had a linear range of 1 x 10(-11)-1 x 10(-3) M. The detection limit of the assay was 50 pg (equivalent to 200-microL injection of 1 x 10(-9) M). This study demonstrates the procedures for the encapsulation of the photoprotein aequorin into the liposome, which can be used as a sensitive label in bioluminescence immunoassays for biotin or in other applications.

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“…The coexistence of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic compartments in liposomes makes them a versatile carrier for a wide spectrum of amphipatic, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble molecules. Liposomes have been used in a variety of applications such as gene therapy, drug delivery, , cosmetic skin conditioners, and immunodiagnostics. − Unlike gold particles, latex beads, and other metal particles, for whom only the outer surface can function in the detection mechanism, the interiors of liposomes can be engineered to be very large to entrap a great amount of reporter molecules, such as fluorescent dyes, electroactive markers, and enzymes. The number of marker molecules that can be entrapped inside of a liposome with reasonable volume must be larger than the number possible on a solid particle's surface 28 and, therefore, must provide better signal amplification.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Procedures for Preparing Escherichia coli O157:H7 Immunoliposome and Its Application in Liposome Immunoassay

Hsu

2003

Anal. Chem.

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Although Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 was identified as a human pathogen in the ninth decade of the twentieth century, it has become recognized as a major foodborne pathogen. In the United States, the severity of E. coli O157:H7 infection in the young and the elderly has had a tremendous impact on human health, the food industry, and federal regulations regarding food safety. In laboratory diagnosis, most microbiologic assays rely on a single phenotype to selectively isolate this pathogen. However, the process is labor- and time-consuming. It is important eventually to develop new assay procedures to detect them. Immunoliposomes, anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibody-tagged liposomes, encapsulating a visible dye, sulforhodamine B, were used in the present study for the development of a field-portable colorimetric immunoassay to detect E. coli O157:H7. The N-succinimidyl-S-acetylthioacetate derivative of the antibodies (anti-E. coli O157: H7) was first conjugated through the reactive N-(kappa-maleimidoundecanoyloxy) sulfosuccinimide ester derivative of dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine and subsequently incorported into liposomes to form the immunoliposomes. A plastic-backed nitrocellulose strip with two immobilized zones is the basis for a sandwich assay to detect E. coli O157:H7. The first zone is the antigen capture zone (AC zone), which is used in a sandwich (noncompetitive) assay format; the other is the biotin capture zone (BC zone), which is used as a positive control for the strip. During the capillary migration of the wicking reagent containing 50 microL of immunoliposomes and 90 microL of the test sample, E. coli O157:H7 with surface-bound immunoliposomes is captured at the AC zone, while the unbound immunoliposomes migrate and bind to the antibiotin antibodies coated on BC zone. The color density of the AC zone were directly proportional to the amount of E. coli O157:H7 in the test sample. The detection limit of the current assay with heat-killed E. coli O157:H7 was approximately 2500 cells. The selectivity of the newly developed biosensor system was investigated, and pathogens, including Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria genus specific, were proven to have no interference with the detection of E. coli O157:H7.

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Novel Liposome Immunoassays for Detecting Antigens, Antibodies, and Haptens

Cited by 24 publications

References 39 publications

Diagnostic assay and technology advancement for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections causing the COVID-19 pandemic

Diagnostic assay and technology advancement for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections causing the COVID-19 pandemic

Application of a Liposomal Bioluminescent Label in the Development of a Flow Injection Immunoanalytical System

Procedures for Preparing Escherichia coli O157:H7 Immunoliposome and Its Application in Liposome Immunoassay

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