Two experiments were conducted to determine the functional status of cognates. Two hypotheses were considered. According to the first hypothesis, language is a critical feature governing lexical organization, and cognates may therefore be equated with morphologically unrelated translations. According to a second hypothesis, however, language is not a critical feature governing lexical organization. Instead, the boundaries between perceptual categories are determined by morphological considerations, and cognates may therefore be equated with intra-lingual variations such as inflections and derivations. If the first hypothesis is correct, cognate performance should follow that observed for translations, but if the second hypothesis is correct, cognate performance should follow that observed for inflections and derivations. The experiments used different procedures in order to discount taskspecific explanations. The first experiment involved repetition priming in a lexical decision task, and emphasis was placed on relative priming; that is, on the amount of facilitation which occurs when, for example, OBEDIENCIA primes OBEDIENCE, expressed as a fraction of the amount of facilitation that occurs when the same word is presented on each occasion (i.e., when OBEDIENCE is used to prime OBEDIENCE). The second experiment tested memory for language. Four types of cognates were tested. These were: orthographically identical cognates, regular cognates with cion/tion substitution, regular cognates with dad/ty substitution, and irregularly derived cognates. The results were unequivocal. The priming values observed previously for cognates were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those observed for inflections and derivations, and this classification was confirmed in the second experiment, involving memory for language. The results are consistent with the general proposition that morphology rather than language governs the boundaries between perceptual categories, and a number of specific explanations are reviewed.

Eight experiments were conducted to resolve: (1) empirical inconsistencies in repetition effects under intermodality conditions in word identification and lexical decision, and (2) an associated theoretical conflict concerning lexical organization. The results demonstrated that although more facilitation occurs under visual-prime!visual-test (VV) conditions than under auditory-prime/visual-test (AVI conditions, significant repetition facilitation also occurs under AV conditions. The results also indicated that: repetition effects observed for the VV and AV conditions apply to high-as well as to low-frequency words; they are insensitive to a variety of encoding tasks designed to emphasize different properties of words; and they are unaffected by differences in the ease of encoding of isolated auditory and visual words. The results are consistent with the existence of both modality-specific and common or modality-free processes in word recognition, in which word-frequency effects are restricted to the second and, by implication, lexical stage.Research into modality differences has focused on a variety of empirical issues over the last 2 decades. For much of this time, interest has focused on episodic questions concerning, for example, the distinctions among sensory, short-term, and long-term memory systems. At the heart of this problem, however, is the modal specificity of the system responsible for the transition from sensory to categorical representation. If categorical information emanates from a single lexicon, albeit via distinct access routines, it follows that equivalent item information will be available following auditory and visual presentation. In this case, then, modality information must be stored dependently, as an associate of the item information. But if distinct lexical systems are involved in reading and in speech recognition, the item information available following auditory and visual presentation may not be equivalent. In this case, modality information may be provided automatically by the item information.Research into the modal specificity of lexical processes has not yielded a definitive answer. One approach to the question involves observation of repetition effects in word-processing tasks. When equivalent repetition effects are observed under inter-and intramodality conditions, it is assumed that a common system is involved. But when the repetition effects are restricted to intramodality conditions, it is assumed that separate mechanisms are involved in text and speech recognition. sented in Morton's (1979) results and is reflected in his model. Using word recognition, with threshold-estimation procedures in vision and audition, he found no evidence of transfer under intermodality conditions. The model that he subsequently developed includes modality-specific word recognition units, or "logogens." According to Morton, these units are not connected except through a separate cognitive system, so intermodality transfer is absent in tasks that tap only word identification processes. Any task...

The traditional approach to classifying headache based on symptoms and assumed mechanisms is criticized as having limited utility when applied to tension-type headache and migraine. The study reported here was designed to explore an alternative method of conceptualizing chronic headaches based on functional characteristics or controlling variables. One hundred and ninety nine chronic headache sufferers completed questionnaires which enquired about the antecedents and consequences of their headaches. An attempt to build a categorical model driven by functional characteristics using cluster analysis was unsuccessful but a subsequent attempt to construct a dimensional model using factor analysis proved more successful. This approach led to the emergence of five antecedent dimensions and six consequences dimensions (three pertaining to the responses of sufferers and three to the reactions of significant others) which were readily identifiable. The functional dimensions were significantly related to traditional diagnostic categories but at a low level. Three functional dimensions predicted response to psychological treatment.

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the proposition that although prior exposure to a printed word facilitates identification of a corresponding picture, exposure to a picture does not facilitate subsequent word recognition (Durso & Johnson, 1979).Word identification was used, rather than naming latency, in order to avoid the range limitations in adult reading data. Word identification was facilitated by intermodal priming (prior exposure to a corresponding picture), although to a lesser extent than by intramodal (i.e., word-word) priming; the magnitude of intermodal priming was insensitive to strategy; and, as with priming from spoken to printed language, the major impact of word frequency occurred under intermodal, as distinct from intramodal, conditions. Following Scarborough, Gerard, and Cortese (1979), a fifth experiment compared word identification and episodic recognition. Intramodal performance was superior in word identification, whereas intermodal (i.e. picture-word) performance was superior in episodic recognition, a reversal which suggests that episodic recognition involves access to a distinct memory trace.

In view of the association between chronic headaches and depression, this study compared a cognitive therapy package designed for depression with a relatively standard behavioural treatment package designed for headaches (self-management training), in terms of their effects on headaches and depressive symptoms. Fifty-five subjects suffering from chronic headaches (tension, migraine and combined) were randomly assigned to the two treatment conditions. Cognitive therapy and self-management training were equally effective at decreasing headaches and depressive symptoms on most measures. Changes in headaches and depressive symptoms were not significantly correlated in either condition, however. Greater headache improvement was associated with high pre-treatment headache activity for both conditions but, whilst self-management training was more effective for subjects low on depression, cognitive therapy was more effective for subjects high on chronicity. This suggests that the latter approach, or some variation of it, may be the treatment of choice for more chronic headache sufferers with depressive symptoms.