In this study, UHT-treated (a total of 39 samples with 17 full-fat, 17 semi-fat and 5 skim milk) and pasteurized (5 fullfat) milk samples from different trademarks were obtained from national market chains, which constitute the majority of the Turkey's pasteurized and UHT milk market. Total antioxidant capacities and phenolic contents of milk samples were determined by the 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and Folin-Ciocalteu (FC
Nowadays dietary habits of consumers have changed to more quick and easier but at the same time healthier meals. Therefore, ready-to-eat food production and home processing of such foods are gaining importance. Spinach is one of the main ingredients used in ready-to-eat baby foods, and it is produced in chopped, blanched, juice, and powder forms. Commonly ready-to-eat meals are sold frozen. Therefore, thawing process becomes an important processing step. Conventional thawing (CT) methods require a long process time and high-energy consumption. In the present study, frozen blanched spinach puree samples were thawed by ohmic thawing (OT) (10 V/cm, 15 V/cm). The thawing at 4 C (refrigerator thawing) was selected as the control thawing method. The energetic and exergetic evaluations were compared. Accordingly, thawing times were shortened by about 70-80% with OT. The energy loss during the CT method was higher than the OT method. The most energy-efficient (64.2% ± 4.0%) thawing condition was determined as 15 V/cm OT. In case of exergetic evaluation, the destroyed exergy value of the CT method was highest (19.0 ± 2.0 kJ) while those of thawed with 10 and 15 V/cm were 5.8 ± 0.7 and 3.8 ± 0.4 kJ, respectively. Similar to energetic efficiency, OT with 15 V/cm had the highest exergy efficiency value (40.5% ± 2.6%) while that of the CT method was 11.6% ± 1.0%. The result of the present study indicated that the OT process could be an alternative thawing method to CT to improve energy efficiency. Practical applications:As the ready-to-eat meal habit is becoming more common, processing of such foods is becoming more important. While preparing food, it is desired that the process to be done quickly, homogeneously, and efficiently. Usage of current food technologies to provide fast and homogeneous heating is becoming widespread. However, examining and evaluating their efficiency also emerges as an important issue. In this study, the use of OT, which is one of the current methods, for the thawing of spinach puree was investigated and the efficiency of OT in different voltage gradients was evaluated. In this way, it is thought that important data about the efficiency of the ohmic heating process, which utilization is increasing day-byday, during the thawing process are obtained. It is thought that these data will contribute to future studies and contribute to the widespread dissemination of OT.
Bu çalışmada, Adıyaman ilinde inek sütünden geleneksel yöntemle üretilen toplam 17 adet Adıyaman peynir örneği farklı üretici ve satış noktalarından temin edilerek bazı fizikokimyasal, tekstürel ve mikrobiyolojik özellikleri açısından incelenmiştir. Peynir örneklerinin kurumadde, pH, tuz, kurumaddede tuz, asitlik, yağ ve kurumaddede yağ içeriği değerlerinin sırasıyla %46.08-61.30, 5.02-6.36, %2.40-15.50, %4.52-25.29, %0.51-1.61, %12.14-22.21 ve %25.02-43.19 aralığında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Örneklerin L*, a* ve b* değerleri sırasıyla 85.93-92.86, 0.92-4.04 ve 4.52-32.89 aralığında değişkenlik göstermişken sertlik, yapışkanlık, elastikiyet, iç yapışkanlık, çiğnenebilirlik ve esneklik değerlerinin sırasıyla 464.35-5043.93 g, -21.49-(-0.09) g.s, 0.03-0.37, 0.05-0.08 ve 1.82-36.37, 0.03-0.06 aralığında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Örneklerin fosfor içeriği 1863-2562, magnezyum içeriği 179-280, kalsiyum içeriği 4098-6034, sodyum içeriği 4502-24548, potasyum içeriği 525.8-1273, çinko içeriği 1.3-7.94 ve demir içeriği 1.06-32.34 mg/kg aralığında değişmiştir. Adıyaman peynirlerinin doymuş yağ asitleri (SFAs) 69.74-76.75 g/100 g, tekli doymamış yağ asitleri (MUFAs) 18.29-26.10 g/100 g, çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri (PUFAs) 0.64-4.26 g/100 g ve KLA miktarları 0.735-10.318 mg/g yağ aralığında tespit edilmiştir. Peynir örneklerinin toplam aerobik mezofilik bakteri, laktobasil, laktokok ve maya-küf sayıları (log kob/g) ise sırasıyla 7.30-9.38, 5.70-9.28, 7.08-9.38 ve 6.30-8.18 olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Adıyaman peynirlerinin fizikokimyasal, mikrobiyolojik ve tekstürel özelliklerinin geniş bir aralıkta değişim gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.
It was aimed to dry a by-product of tomato paste production (tomato pomace) by minimizing the losses valuable components and reducing energy consumption. In this concept, a daylight simulated photovoltaic-assisted dryer (DPVD) applying the daylight in different modes and intensities during drying was custom-designed. The effects of daylight applications on the change of some quality characteristics of tomato pomace and system performance characteristics were investigated, and the optimum drying condition was determined. The process conditions included the combination of three different daylight application modes (UV-blocked daylight via solar tube-DLST, DLST + LED, and LED) and three different daylight intensities (2,500, 7,500, and 10,000 lux). The drying was applied for 240 min at constant air temperature (60 C) with an air velocity of 2 m/s. The moisture content and the water activity values of dried tomato pomace were 8.86 ± 2.00% and 0.57 ± 0.10%, respectively.The lycopene and β-carotene losses after drying were determined as 68.36 ± 4.32% and 65.66 ± 4.33%, respectively. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the system were in the range of 19.56%-35.73% and 5.10%-17.05%, respectively. The optimum condition meeting the criteria of superior quality and high-performance characteristics was obtained by applying DLST at 7,500 lux (desirability 0.728). In the performance improvement studies, it has been concluded that all the energy required for the process could have been fulfilled as 100% from solar energy with the support of photovoltaic panels. In other words, it was demonstrated that the developed DPVD system could be used to dry the tomato pomace not only in terms of providing high food quality and safety, but also in terms of having high energy efficiency. Practical applicationsExposure to the daylight is important to dry some foods. Especially in north countries, products are dried in artificial dryers, but it requires high energy consumption.In this study, the daylight transfer system was integrated into the artificial dryer for the purpose of using daylight effect in addition to the photovoltaic (PV) assistance for using solar energy. During periods when the solar thermal effect is not intense or in countries where the sun effect is limited, it will be possible to dry food products
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