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The AM is defined by the National Information Standards Organization as: "The version of a journal article that has been accepted for publication in a journal."This means the version that has been through peer review and been accepted by a journal editor. When you receive the acceptance email from the Editorial Office we recommend that you retain this article for future posting.Embargoes apply if you are posting the AM to an institutional or subject repository, or to academic social networks such as Mendeley, ResearchGate, or Academia.edu. give for undertaking a PhD; here we extend the discussion to explore research degree candidates' motivations across all faculties. The aim of our study was to identify the factors that motivate students to undertake HDRs, and also to attempt to establish what role undergraduate experiences of research might play in this decision-making.A handful of recent studies have focused on motivations to undertake HDRs in specific disciplines, with a particular emphasis in the areas of Education and Business (see Table 1). university, but it is likely that there will also be other motivating factors for different subsets in the STEM fields. While we might think we know why students decide to embark on an HDR, there is little systematically gathered, empirical evidence to determine whether or not these assumptions are in fact correct for students in recent years from a broader range of disciplines.• Entry to academia • Professional development • Professional advancement • Entry to new career • Self-enrichment Business (Professional Doctorate) USA Stiber (2000) • Personal satisfaction • Preparation for teaching • Marketability for consulting •Unlike the studies listed above, our research was conducted across all faculties in a comprehensive Australian research-intensive university. The results of our study are reflective of the HDR candidate population across all faculties, rather than being focussed mainly on Education or Business as in existing studies. We did not distinguish between types of HDR in the current study. The Survey Questionnaire DevelopmentTo the best of our knowledge, there is no relevant questionnaire readily available aimed at identifying motivations behind students pursuing postgraduate research.Therefore, we used a deductive approach, sometimes described as logical partitioning (Hinkin, 1998), to generate the initial set of questions. In a deductive approach it is assumed that the theoretical foundation provides enough information to generate the initial set of questions. For this, firstly a literature review (summarized in Table 1) was executed in order to identify the main domains which motivated postgraduate research students to become researchers, initially categorized as general motivations and undergraduate experiences. However, it was not expected that these domains would necessarily emerge as distinct factors in the data analysis. Questionnaire items were based primarily on the literature review; then, in order to assure content validity and face validity, i...

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Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) exploit the intrinsic complexity and irreproducibility of physical systems to generate secret information. The advantage is that PUFs have the potential to provide fundamentally higher security than traditional cryptographic methods by preventing the cloning of devices and the extraction of secret keys. Most PUF designs focus on exploiting process variations in Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. In recent years, progress in nanoelectronic devices such as memristors has demonstrated the prevalence of process variations in scaling electronics down to the nano region. In this paper, we exploit the extremely large information density available in nanocrossbar architectures and the significant resistance variations of memristors to develop an on-chip memristive device based strong PUF (mrSPUF). Our novel architecture demonstrates desirable characteristics of PUFs, including uniqueness, reliability, and large number of challenge-response pairs (CRPs) and desirable characteristics of strong PUFs. More significantly, in contrast to most existing PUFs, our PUF can act as a reconfigurable PUF (rPUF) without additional hardware and is of benefit to applications needing revocation or update of secure key information.The earliest known lock, resembling the mechanical locks of this century, is estimated to be 4,000 years old-a large wooden lock and key from the palace of Khorasabad in Niveveh. Modern security systems still keep valuables under lock and key in order to ensure the safety and authenticity of goods, information or identities. Locks now, however, can refer to electronic security systems with keys that are coded in, for example, magnetic strips or silicon chips.Since the invention of locks and keys-physical, electronic or combined-the essence of keeping a good security system effective is protecting the key. This is one of the reasons we keep the physical key to our offices on a personal key chain, our electronic access cards on lanyards, and never reveal our computer passwords. Whilst physical locks can be picked, in the digital and electronic worlds hackers have developed both invasive and non-invasive physical tampering methods, such as micro-probing, laser cutting, and power analysis 1 , in order to extract digitised secret information from the integrated circuits (ICs) imprinted on devices such as credit cards. Even tamper proofing techniques used in smartcardssuch as cutting power or tripping tamper-sensitive circuitry that clears out the secret information-to protect secret keys have been shown to be vulnerable to physical attack 1 . Therefore, the problem is storing digital information in a device in such a way that is resistant to physical attacks.Recently, the growing new area of PUFs is receiving increased attention because a PUF offers a solution by extracting secret key information from a complex physical system. Therefore, unlike conventional applications, more randomness is a desirable property for building PUFs. They are favourable because...