y * This version of the article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the publisher's final version AKA Version of Record.
Worldwide, civil society organizations (CSOs) are an integral component in the complex network that comprises the public sphere improving the welfare of our communities. In the second half of the twentieth century French CSOs' contributions to their citizens' welfare have become increasingly valued. Nevertheless, radical changes to employment policies during the Sarkozy regime (2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012) impacted social services to unemployed migrants. In addition, central government constrained local governments' ability to fund social services, pushing a shift from a culture of "granting subsidies" to one based on "public procurement contracting" (Langlais 2008). These environmental changes are likely to transform CSO-government relationships.This research asks two questions: what is the impact of such radical changes and what possible responses can organizations make, if they are to survive? To answer these, we utilize a case study of a French CSO (Association), which is highly dependent on public funding to deliver its urban-based migrant programs. We utilize the lens of resource dependency, focusing on the interrelationships and interactions that impact CSOs' legitimacy and support. Effects of the reforms include a change from relatively cooperative relationships with government to adversarial exchanges. Moreover, this CSO's activities are apprehended by public funders as short-term single projects considered in isolation from one another so that its overall outcomes are not quantitatively measured. As a result, the CSO's overarching and long-term social and economic contribution to the territory's public sphere is in jeopardy.
Encouragées par le contexte institutionnel, les entreprises sociales utilisent de plus en plus le chiffre à des fins de pilotage, d’évaluation et de rationalisation de leur action. Une étude de cas compréhensive montre que le processus de production du chiffre dépasse ces premiers attendus en ce qui concerne la mesure de l’impact social. L’étude met en effet en lumière la place centrale du chiffre dans l’histoire de l’organisation, son rôle de marqueur identitaire, et son incidence sur la forme prise par l’entreprise sociale. à ce titre, elle souligne l’importance que celui-ci soit interrogé de manière réflexive par l’ensemble des parties prenantes dans le cadre d’une gouvernance participative ouverte.
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