This interventional study examined the effect of a four-week vegan diet (VegD) during a four-week high-intensity functional training (HIFT) on performance, training results and blood biochemical indices in female (n = 12) and male (n = 8) moderate-trained CrossFit participants. The whole study group performed the maximum number of repetitions with a load of 70% one repetition-maximum (1RM) and a modified Fight Gone Bad (FGBMod) test before and after a dietary intervention (the group was divided to follow a VegD or a traditional mixed diet (MixD)) in a randomised and parallel design. Pre-exercise resting blood samples were also analysed. There was a significant improvement in the number of repetitions performed at a load corresponding to 70% of 1RM in the classic squat in the MixD group (p < 0.001), and in the classic deadlift in the VegD group (p = 0.014). Furthermore, there was a significant improvement in the results of the FGBMod performance test after a MixD. Moreover, an improvement in some exercises in the modified FGBMod test (Wall Ball after the VegD and the MixD, and rowing after the MixD) was also observed. However, differences between the MixD and the VegD groups were not clinically relevant. In conclusion, the short-term study conducted here indicated that a VegD in HIFT training positively affects strength endurance in the classic deadlift but is unlikely to be more beneficial in improving performance than a MixD.

La Grande Guerre est perçue, dans la mémoire historique des Polonais à travers le prisme particulier que fut la reconstitution, dans son issue, de la Pologne comme un État indépendant. L’article présente le parcours qui y menait, tracé tant par les circonstances que la guerre déterminait, que par les activités multiples, en partie contradictoires, en partie liées entreprises par les Polonais décidés à servir la cause de leur patrie. Tout en reconnaissant l’importance capitale de la date du novembre 1918, qui signifiait à la fois la fin de la guerre et la proclamation de la Pologne indépendante, l’auteur poursuit son récit jusqu’à l’automne 1920. C’est seulement alors qu’avec la victoire sur les Soviets, l’existence de l’État nouveau-né était assurée au bout du chemin qui, pour les Polonais, durait plus de six années, constituant deux étapes différentes et complémentaires.

The period of World War I was not only a military confrontation of soldiers of fighting countries. It also significantly affected the daily lives of millions of ordinary people. One of the manifestations of this influence was war mobility. It also concerned the inhabitants of Galicia. As a result of warfare’s, the Galicians were forced to move in different directions; as soldiers, refugees, evacuated. One of the directions of Galician migration was the Kingdom of Poland, that was conquered in 1915 by the Central Powers. The influx of people from Galicia into this area can be divided into several waves. As the first came the Polish soldiers in Austrian uniforms. The next one was made up of Galician Poles served in the Austrian occupation government. Then came to the Kingdom scholars, officials, and intelligentsia invited by the authorities of the rebuilding Polish state. The Galicians were not always well received by their countrymen from the Congress Poland. One of the reasons was prevailing stereotypes and prejudices. However, the Galician’s made a significant contribution to the work of building Polish statehood.

On the threshold of the 21st century the problem of poverty has not been dealt with yet. The world constantly suffers hunger, and many people have no access to running water or education. This raises fundamental question, which have bothered economy researchers for centuries: What determines the wealth of some countries, and the poverty of others? One of the contemporary researchers analysing the causes of poverty and development barriers is Indian economist Amartya Sen. Referring to the socio-economic theory of Sen, the author indicates that modernity implies the need for reflection on the definition of poverty. The author attempts to justify the thesis which focuses on the dissonance between the evaluation concepts of good and evil with objective economic factors which define poverty. The author claims that the definition of poverty should be grounded in considerations concerning good and evil in a specific time, as well as cultural and historical context.

Anatomia galicyjskiego uchodźstwa pierwszowojennego. Recenzja książki Kamila Ruszały Galicyjski Eksodus. Uchodźcy podczas I wojny światowej w monarchii Habsburgów (Kraków 2020, ss. 478) Uchodźstwo spowodowane działaniami wojennymi to dziś jeden z najbardziej palących problemów współczesnego świata. Co więcej, ludzkość wkroczyła, w ujemnym tego słowa znaczeniu, na nowy, bardziej "zaawansowany" poziom traktowania tego fenomenu, czyniąc z tragedii uchodźców kartę przetargową w politycznych interesach bądź po prostu broń w tzw. konfliktach hybrydowych. Ucieczki przed wojnami, konfliktami, przemocą są oczywiście tak stare jak dzieje ludzkości. Zjawiska te nie omijały i ziem polskich w różnych epokach. Asumpt do badań nad tym zagadnieniem dała przypadająca kilka lat temu setna rocznica wybuchu pierwszej wojny światowej. W jej trakcie problem uchodźstwa wojennego wystąpił ze szczególnym natężeniem w Europie na obszarach objętych działaniami wojennymi. Masowe, niejednokrotnie przymusowe migracje ludności cywilnej w latach Wielkiej Wojny dokonywały się w znajdującym się pod panowaniem Romanowów Królestwie Polskim oraz w należącej do monarchii habsburskiej Galicji. Ten pierwszy temat, tzw. bieżeństwa, podjął zespół lubelskich historyków w osobach Mariusza Korzeniowskiego, Dariusza Tarasiuka i Marka Mądzika 1 . Nad drugim obszarem pochylił się Historia Slavorum Occidentis 2021, nr 4 (31)