Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o padrão de floração, ao longo do ano, de plantas melíferas na Borda Oeste do Pantanal, no Maciço do Urucum, MS, bem como o tipo de recurso oferecido pela flora melífera, para elaborar um calendário floral para a região. A floração das plantas melíferas visitadas pelas abelhas nativas e africanizadas foi acompanhada quinzenalmente, por 3 anos consecutivos, tendo-se anotado a data de florescimento, o hábito de crescimento e os recursos coletados pelos insetos. Foram identificadas 160 espécies florescendo e sendo visitadas pelas abelhas, mas somente 73 espécies foram consideradas como plantas melíferas e incluídas no calendário floral, das quais 34 eram ervas, 17 árvores, 15 arbustos e 7 lianas. Foram observadas plantas melíferas em flor ao longo de todo o ano, com maior número no verão e menor no inverno. As ervas florescem mais intensamente no verão e no outono (janeiro-junho), enquanto as árvores e os arbustos, na primavera (final de setembro-dezembro). As lianas florescem, principalmente, no final do verão (março-abril). Néctar e pólen são oferecidos às abelhas ao longo de todo o ano, com diminuição da oferta nos meses de inverno (julho-setembro).Termos para indexação: Apis mellifera, apicultura, época de floração, flora melífera, inventário botânico, meliponicultura. Floral calendar of honey plants native to the western Pantanal wetlands in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, BrazilAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the flowering pattern, throughout the year, of honey plants in the western region of the Pantanal, at the Urucum Massif, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, as well as the type of resources offered by the honeybee flora, in order to create a floral calendar for the region. The flowering of honey plants visited by native and Africanized bees was monitored at 15-day intervals, over 3 consecutive years, and records were taken of flowering date, growth habit, and the resources collected by the insects. A total of 160 flowering plant species visited by the bees were recorded, but only 73 species were considered as honey plants and included in the floral calendar, of which 34 were herbs, 17 trees, 15 shrubs, and 7 lianas. Flowering honey plants were observed throughout the year, with highest number in summer and lowest in winter. Herbs flower more intensely in summer and autumn (January-June), and trees and shrubs in spring (late September-December). Lianas flower mainly in late summer (March-April). Nectar and pollen are available for honeybees throughout the year, with a decline in supply in the winter months (July-September).Index terms: Apis mellifera, apiculture, flowering time, honeybee flora, botanic inventory, meliponiculture. IntroduçãoA apicultura e a meliponicultura são atividades produtivas que podem ser desenvolvidas simultaneamente com outras atividades, e que contribuem para aumentar a viabilidade econômica das propriedades rurais no Pantanal (Reis & Comastri Filho, 2003). Para o desenvolvimento da apicultura e da melipo...
Cycnoches haagii is an epiphytic Orchidaceae found in the Brazilian Savannah that presents a great ornamental potential. Aiming at developing a complete seminal propagation protocol of C. haagii, as well as testing the influence of the mycorrhizal fungi presence in the process, mature seeds were germinated in vitro in the presence or absence of two fungal isolates, both belonging to the Tulasnella genus (FCH and FHC3E), in three culture media (B&G, Knudson and OMA). The percentage of germinated seeds was evaluated, and the protocorms of the four media with higher percentages were transferred to a new media, aiming at the conversion into plantlets. The seedlings were evaluated for shoot length, number of leaves, length of the largest root, number of roots and total fresh matter. The B&G medium provided a germination rate higher than 60 %, besides a higher seedling growth, contributing to 100 % of survival in the acclimatization stage, independently of the mycorrhizal fungi presence. However, only the seedlings from the B&G medium inoculated with the isolated FHC presented a fast growth when acclimatized, and flowering at the end of the first year of acclimatization. Therefore, the presence of the mycorrhizal fungus FHC on the B&G medium, during the germination phase, is adequate for the propagation of C. haagii, because it accelerates its development and anticipates the ex vitro flowering.
Symbiosis between orchid seeds and mycorrhizal fungi has been reported to be a determining factor in the success of germination and protocorm development in vitro. Th e aim of this study was to isolate and identify by molecular analysis the mycorrhizal fungus associated with Cyrtopodium paludicolum, and to evaluate its effi ciency in facilitating seed germination and development. Germination experiments were carried out using a fungus isolated from C. paludicolum (CH01) and Epidendrum secundum (M65), which has been successfully used a number of times in symbiotic germination. Th e experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with treatments of CH01, M65 as well as under asymbiotic conditions. Th e mycobiont CH01 was successfully isolated from Cyrtopodium paludicolum and identifi ed as Tulasnella sp. Treatments with both fungi reached a higher germination percentage than under asymbiotic conditions, indicating no specifi city in the relationship between Cyrtopodium paludicolum and the fungi. Th e results presented have the potential to advance research into the propagation and conservation of C. paludicolum, a native of the Cerrado biome.
ABSTRACT:The Pantanal climate presents marked seasonality and eventually strong winds occur, especially in the beginning of the rainy season, which may last from September or October until April. A phytosociological study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a strong wind on the composition and structure of two forest formations in Pantanal wetland, a semideciduous forest (19º 15' 32''S and 55º 45' 23.7''W) and a forested savanna -"cerradão" (19° 17' 21''S and 55º 45' 8.9''W), with trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm. After the strong wind, a reduction of 6% of the basal area and volume in the semideciduous forest was observed, mainly due to the uprooting of Xylopia aromatica trees. In the forested savanna, the basal area and volume reduction was even higher; an estimated 10%, representing 69 uprooted trees per hectare, mainly of Copaifera martii trees. In both areas it was observed that the uprooted trees presented an average height and diameter bigger than the trees that remained intact. Usually, the trees that were uprooted presented higher wood density and the species that had broken branches had a lower density.Key words: Basal area, natural disturbance, savanna forest, semideciduous forest. ALTERAÇÕES NA ESTRUTURA DE ÁREAS FLORESTADAS CAUSADAS POR VENTANIA FORTE NO PANTANAL, BRASIL
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