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No abstract

The published records of jumping plant-lice from Brazil comprise 70 named species but four are erroneous or doubtful. For one species a variety has been described with uncertain status. Seven named species records are added here based on recent collections bringing the number of valid species to 73. Four new combinations are proposed: Colophorina favis (Brown & Hodkinson) (from Euphalerus), Euryconus fossiconis (Brown & Hodkinson) (from Euphalerus), Leuronota solani (Rübsaamen) (from Bactericera) and Macrocorsa beeryi (Caldwell) (from Psyllia). Additional unidentified species are recorded from the genera Auchmeriniella, Calophya, Ciriacremum, Euryconus, Isogonoceraia, Leuronota, Mastigimas, Pseudophacopteron and Livia, the last being considered a misidentification. Another 23 records concern psyllid galls which could not be attributed to any genus. The collection of psyllid galls from Brazil described by E. H. Rübsaamen was revised. The checklist provides for each species the general and Brazilian distributions as well as the host plants. Biogeographical and host plant patterns are briefly discussed. Half of the native psyllid genera are endemic to the Neotropic Region and slightly less than a third are restricted to the New World. Ten species are introduced from Australia (4), Europe (2), Asia (1) and other parts of South America (3). Fabaceae are host plants of a majority of members of the Psyllidae, whereas many Triozidae are associated with Myrtaceae.

The red gum lerp psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, has been introduced from Australia into several countries, mostly in the Americas and Europe. It was first discovered in Brazil in 2003 and has continued to spread there. Today, the species is a major pest in eucalypt plantations and often requires expensive control measures. Ecological modelling is used here to estimate the potential spread of G. brimblecombeii, worldwide and particularly in Brazil, based on environmental variables from 502 records of G. brimblecombei around the world. Distribution data from Australia were obtained from the literature and recent field surveys. For the first time, G. brimblecombei is recorded from Western Australia. Through the Openmodeller® program interface, 22 bioclimatic variables were used to test the efficacy of the following models: BIOCLIM, Climate Space Model, Envelope Score, Environmental Distance, GARP with best subsets (new Openmodeller implementation), GARP new Openmodeller implementation, GARP best subsets (Desktop GARP implementation), Niche Mosaic and Support Vector Machines. Among these models, Environmental Distance was the best predictor for the potential distribution of G. brimblecombei in new regions. Temperate areas appeared to be more favourable for G. brimblecombei. Regions with highest probability of occurrence in Brazil, in hierarchical order are: the southern part of the Atlantic Forest, Pampa, Caatinga and Cerrado. This modelling procedure provides a useful tool that should be incorporated in future strategies for pest management in eucalypt plantations.

Tamarixia schina Zuparko sp. nov. and T. dahlsteni Zuparko sp. nov. are described. Both species have become established in California following their introductions from Chile and Australia, respectively, for control of invasive psyllids. Tamarixia schina is known from Calophya schini (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) on Schinus molle (Anacardiaceae) and T. dahlsteni from Trioza eugeniae (Hemiptera: Triozidae) on Syzygium paniculatum (Myrtaceae). The use of Tamarixia in biological control is discussed, and an annotated list of world species including distribution, hosts, and host plants, is provided. Tetrastichus atamiensis Ashmead is transferred to Tamarixia as Tamarixia atamiensis (Ashmead) comb. n.

In the last 10 years, four species of psyllid were detected in Brazil on eucalypts: Ctenarytaina spatulata in 1994, Blastopsylla occidentalis in 1997, Ctenarytaina eucalypti in 1998 and Glycaspis brimblecombei in 2003. The latter two are serious pests in several countries. In Brazil, G. brimblecombei caused significant damage to the eucalypt plantations in the first years of its introduction. Now this pest is under control due to the programmes of integrated pest management, where the parasitoid is the principal control agent. The four eucalypt psyllid species introduced into Brazil are presented with information on distribution, hosts, biology and control.

Ctenarytaina bipartita sp.n., associated with Eucalyptus kitsoniana and E. viminalis, is described from the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Tasmania and Victoria. It differs from other described Ctenarytaina species in the paramere which bears a small posterior lobe. Taxonomically relevant morphological details are illustrated and the species is diagnosed from other eucalypt inhabiting congeners. Information on the biology is also given. C. bipartita has the potential to become an exported pest species to countries with significant eucalypt plantations.

Twelve Ctenarytaina species with confirmed or suspected associations with Syzygium are revised. The following six new species are diagnosed, described and illustrated: Ctenarytaina baliota Burckhardt sp. nov. (from Malaysia: Sabah), C. daleae Burckhardt sp. nov. (Malaysia: Sabah), C. loebli Burckhardt sp. nov. (Malaysia: Sabah), C. melanota Burckhardt sp. nov. (South Africa), C. picea Burckhardt sp. nov. (Thailand) and C. taylori Burckhardt sp. nov. (Malaysia: Sabah). One new generic synonym is proposed (Ctenarytaina = Eurhinocola syn. nov.) as are two new combinations: Ctenarytaina aurata (Li), comb. nov. from Neophyllura, and Ctenarytaina gravelyi (Crawford), comb. nov. from Eurhinocola.  A key is provided to adults and, as far as known, to the fifth instar immatures. Two African species (Ctenarytaina fomenae Tamesse and C. melanota sp. nov.) induce witches’ broom on their hosts. Confirmed host plants of Ctenarytaina species are from Syzygium (6 spp.), Eucalyptus (5 spp.) and other Myrtaceae, as well as from one genus in each of the families Onagraceae, Rutaceae and Theaceae. More than two thirds of the species with confirmed hosts are monophagous, the others are narrowly oligophagous. About one fifth of the described Ctenarytaina species have adventive populations outside their natural range. Key words: adventive, distribution, host plant, Phytoplasma, Spondyliaspidinae, Sternorrhyncha, taxonomy, witches’ broom