The life history of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) was studied at six different temperatures on English cucumbers, cv. Pepinex. Life tables constructed indicate that the highest population growth rate (rm) and net reproduction rate (R0) occur at 30°C and the lowest at 15°C, where the population remains nearly stable. Generation time (T) was the shortest at 30°C and increased as temperature decreased. At 30°C oviposition increased, females matured and reproduced earlier and the time specific fecundity (mx) was higher than at lower temperatures. Adult longevity was shortest at 30°C and longest at 15°C. The threshold value for development was determined as 9.4°C. Average duration of each developmental stage and the sex ratio at six different temperatures are given.

New information on the intraseasonal progression of larval infestations of Busseola fusca (Fuller) in South Africa was obtained through repeated sampling in maize plantings of different planting dates over various seasons. Due to the occurrence of distinct periods of moth flight, variation in planting date had a marked influence on levels of larval infestation. Also, plants were found to be most attractive as sites for oviposition between three and five weeks after emergence, resulting in a definite pattern in the time distribution of different larval instars in different plant parts. In the pre-tassel stage of plant development, most larvae occurred in localized groups within the whorls, reaching maximum numbers eight weeks after plant emergence. The emergence of the tassel forced some larvae to migrate to adjacent plants, resulting in an increase of internally damaged plants without an increase in larval numbers. It is shown that scouting for eggs over a limited period of plant development can lead to better timing of spray applications and thus to more cost-effective control measures.

The Cape Floristic Region (CFR) is characterized by exceptionally high plant species richness and it is yet to be determined whether this is matched by an equally high diversity of insect fauna associated with these plants. In an attempt to do this, data from the literature on the number of insects for various taxa found at different sites in the CFR were compared with equivalent data from other areas in South Africa and elsewhere. Results indicate that the herbivorous insect fauna of the CFR is not particularly rich in species, perhaps except for the small guild of endophagous insects. It is speculated that this is the result of CFR vegetation being a poor food source for herbivores, particularly in view of its sclerophyllous nature. Plant defence mechanisms, such as a pronounced cyanogenic ability of the leaves coupled with the relatively simple architecture of the plants are possible contributing factors.

Delottococcus aberiae De Lotto (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a mealybug of Southern African origin that has recently been introduced into Eastern Spain. It causes severe distortions on young citrus fruits and represents a growing threat to Mediterranean citrus production. So far, biological control has proven unsatisfactory due to the absence of efficient natural enemies in Spain. Hence, the management of this pest currently relies only on chemical control. The introduction of natural enemies of D. aberiae from the native area of the pest represents a sustainable and economically viable alternative to reduce the risks linked to pesticide applications. Since biological control of mealybugs has been traditionally challenged by taxonomic misidentification, an intensive survey of Delottococcus spp. and their associated parasitoids in South Africa was required as a first step towards a classical biological control programme. Combining morphological and molecular characterization (integrative taxonomy) a total of nine mealybug species were identified in this study, including three species of Delottococcus. Different populations of D. aberiae were found on wild olive trees, in citrus orchards and on plants of Chrysanthemoides monilifera, showing intra-specific divergences according to their host plants. Interestingly, the invasive mealybug populations from Spanish orchards clustered together with the population on citrus from Limpopo Province (South Africa), sharing COI haplotypes. This result pointed to an optimum location to collect natural enemies against the invasive mealybug. A total of 14 parasitoid species were recovered from Delottococcus spp. and identified to genus and species level, by integrating morphological and molecular data. A parasitoid belonging to the genus Anagyrus, collected from D. aberiae in citrus orchards in Limpopo, is proposed here as a good biological control agent to be introduced into Spain.

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