Introduction Achilles tendon tears cause severe impairment in patient mobility and productivity, causing significant reduction in the quality of life. Many complications are associated with the tendon healing process such as peritendinous adhesions and excessive fibrotic scars. Unsatisfactory results appeared with the existing medical and surgical treatments to regain full tendon structure and function. Amniotic membrane is avascular, and characterized by low immunogenicity, anti-inflammatory, antiscarring properties. These criteria render it as a natural biological substitute and a novel therapeutic alternative for tendon tears. Aim: The aim of the work was to study the effect of human amniotic membrane graft application on the repair of induced Achilles tendon tear. Material and methods Fresh human amniotic membrane (AM) grafts were prepared from harvested human full-term caesarian sections-delivered placentas. Thirty adult male albino rats were divided into 3 equal groups (n = 10); group I (control group), group II (tendon tear group) and group III (AM treated group). After anesthesia, a full thickness transverse incision was induced in the rat right Achilles tendons of group II and III. Human derived amniotic membrane graft measuring 1 cm2 was applied circumferentially on the tendon tear in group III. Rats were sacrificed after 28 days. Results After the tendon tear, the untreated group (II) showed gradual accumulation of fat cells replacing the collagen bundles in focal areas. Areas of mononuclear cellular infiltration were demonstrated. The AM-treated group showed many thick parallel regularly arranged collagen fibers with a significant increase in the collagen fibers area percentage. It also showed apparent increase in tenoblasts with regular organization and apparent decrease of mononuclear inflammatory cells. Conclusion This study demonstrated the potential therapeutic role of the application of human amniotic membrane grafts in the repair of Achilles tendon tears, suggesting a future alternative therapy for patients suffering from Achilles tendon tears.
The current study sought to determine how digital story strategies can develop first-year pupils' English descriptive writing. Twenty-seven first-year pupils at Al-Malik Fahd Public School participated in this study. The suggested course was based on digital story strategies; digital photo stories, and e-mind mapping. To practise the study's interactive activities, participants used technological platforms, such as Boom Writer and Storyboard, to describe themselves, people, and events in authentic situations. These exercises helped pupils share meaning through English writing activities and form their own opinions. The instrument of the quasi-experimental one-group study was a pre-posttest designed to measure participants' descriptive writing in the pre-post treatment. Also, the researchers utilized a writing checklist as a pupils' self-assessment instrument to ensure participants understood their descriptive writing tasks by measuring the three selected components of descriptive writing; supporting details, organization, and mechanics & sentence structure. Additionally, a scoring rubric was constructed to evaluate pupils' writing before and after treatment. The study findings showed that using digital story strategies developed the English descriptive writing components of first-year preparatory stage pupils.
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