Fruit, seed morphology and seed coat sculpturing were recorded for 10 species belongs to 9 genera and five tribes of Brassicaceae in eastern region of Saudi Arabia by using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Four seed patterns were recognized based on surface sculpturing pattern; Reticulate, with four subtypes, undulate, verrucate and ocellate. The results of numerical analysis showed that species were grouped into two major clusters and each cluster divided into two groups. The cluster analysis indicates that the characters of fruit and seed are very important characters for identification and taxonomical classification of the tribes. The results indicate that the most tribes of Brassicaceae are polyphyletic, and some are related to each other's as Lepidieae, Alyssieae and Sisymbrieae.
Seed shape, dimensions, surface texture and sculpture, hilum shape and position were recorded for seven species of each of the Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae by using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Seven patterns were recognized based on surface sculpturing pattern: reticulate (with five subtypes), striate, ruminate, papillate, colliculate, aculeate and rugose.Anatomical investigation using light microscope showed that the hypodermis is present in the outer integument of two species and absent in the rest. The inner integument is recorded two types. The data proved useful in the construction of a bracketed key to the species. The potential taxonomic value of the recorded characters is indicated by the richness of variation recorded in the limited sample of genera and species.ª 2014 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University.
Morphological structure and different characters of achene is most important from the taxonomic point of view. In present study achene shape, colour, size, texture and pappus type were recorded for 20 taxa of Asteraceae by using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Examination of pappus by SEM recorded 6 groups; (1-Scarbous barbellate fine bristles and scarbous barbellate bristles, 2-Scarbous subulate scales free, 3-Scarious scales, 4-Paleaceous scales corona, 5-Plumose bristles and 6-Capillary barbellate). Also eight patterns were recognized based on surface sculpturing pattern: reticulate, with two subtypes, tuberculate, sulcate, puncticulate, colliculate, aculeate, lineate and striate. The data proved useful in the construction of a dichotomous indented key to the studied taxa. Twenty-two characters with 85 characters stats were used to generate anatomical key using the DELTA key-generating programs.
Morphological, anatomical and physiological plasticity was examined for from three different sites at the coastal part of the Arabian Gulf near Ad Dammam city in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Morphological investigation showed that the size and number of lobes of the leaves are increased in sites (I) which have high salt stress. Also anatomical investigation using a light microscope showed that the plant is adaptive for salt stress by increasing the thickening of the cuticle or epidermis layer and increase in the area of vascular bundles. Physiological studies showed that plant growing under high salt stress is characterized by increase content of electrical conductivity and increase in chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids and proline content in the plant tissues. This can be explained as an osmotic adjustment mechanism for the investigated species growing under high salinity stress.
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