Approximately 5% of the patients with Graves' disease develop moderate to severe GO, with a similar risk in women and men with Graves' disease. The risk of GO is much higher in patients aged 40-60 yr than in young patients with Graves' disease. Salt iodization was not associated with a change in the incidence of GO.

Prolonged partial block plus replacement therapy with low-dose ATD + L-T4 keeps the majority of patients with severe Graves' orbitopathy and hyperthyroidism stable and euthyroid.

The melanopsin-mediated sustained pupil contraction to offset of high-intensity blue light is reduced in depressed patients. These results further emphasize the interaction of light exposure with depression.

No abstract