Multiple factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. The increased levels of IL-17 we found in serum and lesional skin suggest an important role for this cytokine in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.

Treatment of keloids (K) and hypertrophic scars (HTS) is challenging. A few case reports reported good results in HTS treated by fractional CO2 laser. The aim of the present study was the assessment of the clinical response as well as histological changes in K and HTS treated by fractional CO2 laser and the role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in the response. A randomized half of the scar was treated by fractional CO2 laser in 30 patients (18 K, 12 HTS) for a total of four sessions 6 weeks apart. Vancouver scar score (VSS) was done before and 1, 3, and 6 months after the last laser session by a blinded observer. Biopsies taken from normal skin, untreated scar, and treated scar tissue 1 and 3 months after the laser sessions were stained by HX & E for histological changes and Masson trichrome for collagen fiber arrangement. Immunohistochemical staining for MMP9 was done in before and 1 month after samples. Quantitative morphometric analysis was done for collagen and MMP9 by image analyzer. Nineteen patients completed the 6-month follow-up period (12 K, 7 HTS). VSS score was significantly lower in the treated compared to untreated areas after 3 and 6 months in both K and HTS but was mainly due to improved pliability of the scar. Histologically, dense inflammatory infiltrate and increased vascularity was apparent 1 month after laser sessions and disappeared at 3 months. Thinner better organized collagen bundle could be seen in 3 months after samples. MMP9 was significantly increased in after treatment samples but without significant correlation with VSS. Fractional CO2 resurfacing is safe but affects mainly pliability of K and HTS with collagen remodeling apparent 3 months after therapy. MMP9 may play a role in mechanism of action of CO2 laser in K and HTS.

Fractional CO2 laser is a possible safe and effective modality for the treatment of hypertrophic burn scars with improvement achieved both clinically and histopathologically.

This cross-sectional multicenter study aimed to evaluate serum CXCL-10, as an activity marker for vitiligo, and compare it with other putative serum and tissue markers. Serum CXCL-10 was compared to interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-17 using ELISA in 55 non-segmental vitiligo patients (30 active and 25 stable) and 30 healthy controls. Marginal skin biopsy was taken for immunohistochemical evaluation of CD8+T cells and CXCL-10+ve cells. Serum levels of CXCL-10, IL-17, and IL-6 were elevated in all vitiligo patients compared to controls (p < .05). All investigated serum markers were higher in active versus stable vitiligo. Tissue expression of CXCL-10+ve cells and CD8+ve T cells was stronger in vitiligo patients compared to controls, and tissue CXCL-10+ve cell expression was stronger in active versus stable cases. Positive correlations were noted between the different serum and tissue markers. CXCL-10 was the most specific, whereas IL-6 was the most sensitive serum marker to distinguish active from stable disease.

Using different techniques in M-K susp produces comparable results. However, the distal fingers showed better results using combination of donor NCECS and recipient cryoblebs.

A variety of therapies are available for vitiligo; however, complete repigmentation is seldom achieved in all cases. Moreover, halting vitiligo activity and inducing repigmentation tend to take months to years. Meanwhile, vitiligo patients with evident contrast in their skin color predominantly experience deteriorated Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). The use of camouflage can help alleviate this stress through concealing vitiligo lesions, thus improving the psycho-social well-being of vitiligo patients and ensuring their adherence to therapy. 1 Camouflaging can be either permanent in the form of "tattoo" or temporary, such as indigenous and self-tanning products, liquid dyes,

Diphencyprone is an effective and safe treatment of extensive AA. A long period of therapy is needed and will increase the percentage of responders especially in alopecia totalis and universalis. Maintenance therapy is recommended to reduce the risk of relapse.

For rolling acne scars in patients with Fitzpatrick skin types III and IV, subcision shows better results with fewer side effects than the 100% TCA CROSS technique, although further decrease in scar depth with time occurs more significantly after 100% TCA CROSS.