Background The use of head mounted display (HMD)-based immersive virtual reality (VR) coaching systems (HMD-VRC) is expected to be effective for skill acquisition in radiography. The usefulness of HMD-VRC has been reported in many previous studies. However, previous studies have evaluated the effectiveness of HMD-VRC only through questionnaires. HMD-VRC has difficulties in palpation and patient interaction compared to real-world training. It is expected that these issues will have an impact on proficiency. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of VR constraints in HMD-VRC, especially palpation and patient interaction, on radiographic skills proficiency in a real-world setting. Methods First-year students (n = 30) at a training school for radiology technologists in Japan were randomly divided into two groups, one using HMD-VRC (HMD-VRC group) and the other practicing with conventional physical equipment (RP group) and trained for approximately one hour. The teachers then evaluated the students for proficiency using a rubric method. Results In this study, it was found that some skills in the HMD-VRC group were equivalent to those of the RP group and some were significantly lower than those of the RP group. There was a significant decrease in proficiency in skills related to palpation and patient interaction. Conclusions This study suggests that HMD-VRC can be less effective than real-world training in radiographic techniques, which require palpation and patient interaction. For effective training, it is important to objectively evaluate proficiency in the real world, even for HMD-VRC with new technologies, such as haptic presentation and VR patient interaction. Trial registration The study was conducted with the approval of the Ethics Committee of International University of Health and Welfare (Approval No.21-Im-035, Registration date: September 28, 2021).

Strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ; STO) film was prepared by lowpressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD). STO thin film without other crystals could be prepared on a silicon substrate under specific conditions, i.e., Xi = 0.81 at 823 K, 0.62 < Xi < 0.70 at 873 K, 0.67 < Xi < 0.78 at 973 K, and Xi = 0.85 at 1073 K. [Xi = Ti atoms/(Ti atoms + Sr atoms) in feed gas] STO, titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), and strontium-containing films (e.g., SrX; SrCO 3 , and SrSiO 3 ) grown at high temperatures (> 873 K) had poor step coverage. However, at low temperatures (< 723 K), although TiO 2 and SrX single-component films had poor step coverage, Sr-Ti composite film, which was amorphous, could fill in a microscale trench. At low temperatures, the surface reaction of the precursor used to prepare composite oxide is likely slower than that of the precursor for preparing TiO 2 and SrX films.

In this study, we conducted the experiment to compare the whiteness perception of Finnish and Japanese observers. The rank order of perceived whiteness among seven nearly white Munsell chips (Value is 9.25 or 9.5, Chroma is 0, 0.5 or 1.0) under the fluorescent lamps of correlated color temperatures of 3000K, 5000K, and 6700K was determined. Observing condition employed in the two laboratories was exactly the same as well as the experimental procedure. In 3000K condition, the results of Japanese and Finnish observers agreed with each other quite well, while as the correlated color temperature becomes higher, the results from the two laboratories showed different tendencies. Negative correlation was found between the whiteness rank order and the metric chroma for all ofthe results.

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