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Space registration is the primary function of neuronavigation systems. According to the stage of the operation, the registration could be classified as rigid and non-rigid methods. Scientists have proposed three types of rigid registration methods: point-based registration (PBR), line-based registration (LBR), and surface-based registration (SBR). PBR has been widely used in clinical applications. Recently, LBR was proposed as a new spacing registration method. However, the range and accuracy of LBR are still not defined for clinical applications. In this paper, LBR has been evaluated directly with target registration error (TRE) in different operating areas: sphenoid-frontal, parietal-temporal, and occipital areas. We used two head phantoms: elastic and rigid phantoms. After scanning with computerized tomography (CT), the difference between the TRE of the elastic and rigid phantom had been evaluated based on LBR method. Then, LBR had been employed at the rigid phantom using different line patterns: single (100 points), double (200 points), triple (300 points), and quartic lines (400 points). TRE were directly measured on the phantom. Then, t-tests were applied to evaluate the difference between the TRE of LBR of both the phantoms and line patterns. Results indicate that there is no statistical difference in TRE between the phantoms. TRE were reduced to less than 3 mm after the use of double lines which was significantly less than those after the use of single lines. Except for sphenoid tumor, the other operating areas showed statistical differences in TRE between double and triple lines. Except for temporal tumor, the differences between the TRE of triple and quartic lines are not significant.

Objective: To investigate the successful rate and accuracy of percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation (PRT) for treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia (PTN) with customized navigated template via three dimensional (3D) printing technique. Methods: 65 patients with PTN were recruited from January 2014 to March 2015 and randomly divided into two groups: template group (n = 28) and traditional group (n = 37). The patients in traditional group received PRT under guidance of C-arm fluoroscopy, while the ones in template group were treated with customized navigated templates. The data of time, depth and accuracy rate of puncture, the average effective dose equivalent of radiation, complications after operation were collected and analyzed. Results: No intra-operative failures occurred in the template group: the pain was alleviated immediately after operation. Accuracy rate of the template group was 100% while 96% was achieved in traditional group. However, the average time of puncture by the template was significantly reduced compared with traditional group (2.37 ± 0.64 minutes and 24.2 ± 6.55 minutes, respectively; P < 0.001). Meanwhile, the average effective dose equivalent of radiation was apparently reduced compared to the traditional group. The depth of puncture in operation was mostly close to the results of simulation (9.45 ± 0.58 cm and 9.33 ± 0.87 cm respectively, P > 0.05). No complications were observed in template group while several complications such as blooding, leakage of cerebrospinal fluid and dizziness were observed in traditional group. Conclusion: The application of customized template is advocated for improving the accuracy of PRT.

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Our aim was to provide preliminary neuroelectrophysiological information using the Cerebus system as a tool for researching spinal cord injury and rehabilitation in a canine model. Single microelectrodes were inserted into the cerebral cortex and corticospinal tract and signals were recorded and analyzed with the Cerebus system. The results showed that this system can record continuous and spontaneous electrophysiological signals from the motor cortex and spinal cord when using platinum-glass microelectrodes. The characteristic waveform of the signals was revealed by neuroexplorer and off-line signal analysis software. Thus the Cerebus system will prove to be a useful tool in designing computer prosthetic devises for rehabilitation after spinal cord injury. key words -spinal cord; corticospinal tract; Cerebus TM 128-channel Data Acquisition system; nerve electrophysiological signal INTRODUCTION

Materials and Methods Slices Loading and Tumor LocalizationDTI volume was download from slicer software in sample data (Figure 1). Figure 1: The tumor (red arrow) in DTI a) And FA b) Slices.

This paper aims to explore the feasibility and stability of negative oxygen ions (NOI) shunting based on direct current (DC) pulsating co-frequency coupled electric field method, and the safeness under a high anion concentration. Negative oxygen ions were obtained under corona electric discharge from high negative voltage, a shunting method which was employed to detach the negative ions and neutral gas was executed with an uncoupled and a coupled electric field. In coupled field, the negative ions were exported with the same electric field derived from the ion emission polar as a guiding polar, while neutral gas was exported from another outlet; In uncoupled electric field, the purity of NOI from guiding polar powered separately is employed as a control group. Safeness test was approached with 2 rats under a normal cage system. The purity(separate) ratio of NOI between the guide outlet and the neutral gas outlet is 8.5, while the separate ratio is 163636.4 in the coupled electric field respectively. The purity of NOI is 18 million per cm3 in coupled electric field and 9.8 million per cm3 in uncoupled electric field. The purity of NOI is 180 million/cm3 under a voltage of -26 kV. The purity and separate ratio of NOI could be improved significantly after using the coupled electric field compared to uncoupled electric field.