Our results suggest that IL-25 secreted from the sinonasal epithelia and infiltrating mast cells plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of CRS with NPs in Asian patients. In addition, our results suggest the novel possibility of treating nasal polyposis with anti-IL-25 therapy.
Mammalian cells are equipped with antiviral innate immunity. To survive and grow, human papilloma virus (HPV)-infected cervical cancer cells must overcome this host defense system. However, the precise mechanism whereby cervical cancer cells evade the immunity is not fully understood. We noted that Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is overexpressed in HPV-infected cervical cancer cells and hypothesized that SIRT1 counteracts antiviral immunity. Here, we found that cervical cancer cells undergo massive death by SIRT1 knockdown, but this effect is reversed by SIRT1 restoration. SIRT1-knocked-down cells showed representative features of pyroptosis, as well as highly expressed absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and its downstream genes related to the inflammasome response. Mechanistically, SIRT1 repressed the NF-κB-driven transcription of the AIM2 gene by destabilizing the RELB mRNA. Interestingly, pyroptotic death signaling in SIRT1-knocked-down cells was transmitted to naïve cervical cancer cells, which was mediated by extracellular vesicles carrying AIM2 inflammasome proteins. Furthermore, the growth of cervical cancer xenografts was significantly inhibited by either SIRT1-targeting siRNAs or SIRT1-knockdown-derived extracellular vesicles. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that SIRT1 expression correlated with poor clinical outcomes in cervical cancer. In conclusion, SIRT1 enabled HPV-infected cervical cancer cells to continue growing by nullifying AIM2 inflammasome-mediated immunity. Without SIRT1, cervical cancer cells could no longer survive because of the derepression of the AIM2 inflammasome. SIRT1 could therefore be a target for the effective treatment of cervical cancer.
Brazilin (7,11b-dihydrobenz[b]indeno[1,2-d]pyran-3,6a,9,10 (6 H)-tetrol) inhibited thrombin-,collagen- and ADP-induced aggregation of washed rat platelets. Thrombin- and collagen-induced ATP release were also inhibited by brazilin in a concentration-dependent manner. Brazilin inhibited the formation of platelet thromboxane A2 caused by thrombin, whereas it had no effect on the prostaglandin D2 formation. Brazilin inhibited [3H]-arachidonic acid liberation from membrane phospholipids of thrombin-stimulated platelets. Brazilin inhibited the rise of intracellular free calcium caused by thrombin. These results indicate that the inhibition of phospholipase (PLA2) activity and [Ca2+]i elevation might be at least a part of antiplatelet mechanism of brazilin.
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