Allium is a genus that is widely consumed and used as traditional medicine in several countries. This genus has two major species, namely cultivated species and wild species. Cultivated species consist of A. cepa L., A. sativum L., A. fistulosum L. and A. schoenoprasum L. and wild species consist of A. ursinum L., A. flavum L., A. scorodoprasum L., A. vineale L. and A. atroviolaceum Boiss. Several studies report that the Allium species contain secondary metabolites such as polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins and have bioactivity such as antioxidants, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, pancreatic α-amylase, glucoamylase enzyme inhibitors and antiplatelets. This review summarizes some information regarding the types of Allium species (ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology), the content of compounds of Allium species leaves with various isolation methods, bioactivities, antioxidant properties and the structure-antioxidant activity relationship (SAR) of Allium compounds.

Nocardiotide A has been successfully synthesized using a combination of solid‐ and solution‐phase synthesis. Peptides 1 and 2 of nocardiotide A, with different C and N termini, were synthesized on 2‐chlorotrityl chloride resin. A combination of N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐O‐(1H‐benzotriazol‐1‐yl)uronium hexafluorophosphate and hydroxybenzotriazole (HBTU/HOBt) was employed as coupling reagent and the release of the linear peptides from the resin was undertaken using AcOH and trifluoroethanol (TFE) reagents resulting in linear hexapeptides with protected side chains in good yields (83.4 % and 76 %, respectively). Peptide 1, which has Ala as C terminus and Trp as N terminus, was the only peptide that was successfully cyclized without epimerization under a dilute condition (1.25×10−3 M) using HBTU (3 equiv.) and 1 % N,N‐diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) in dichloromethane. A combination of a small residue at the C terminus and a larger residue at the N terminus was found to be effective for the cyclization. The protecting group of the crude cyclic product was then deprotected by 95 % TFA in water and the crude was then purified to give white solid product with 16 % overall yield. The peptide was then characterized by HR‐ToFMS, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. In order to ensure the absence of epimerization during cyclization, the D‐analogue of nocardiotide A was synthesized using similar synthetic protocol. The NMR data of D‐analogue was found to have a larger difference compared to the synthetic and natural product, showing there is no epimerization at C‐terminus during cyclization.

A new phenolic compound (1), a steroid (2), a new steroid glycoside (4), two triterpenoids (3 & 6) and a new phloroglucinol-sesquiterpene (5) have been isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Sarang Semut (Myrmecodia pendans) and their structures were determined on the basis of the spectral data. The bioactivity evaluation was conducted with the inhibition zone of compounds (mm) using Kirby-Bauer method at concentrations of 1000 and 5000 ppm for compound 1 against pathogenic oral bacteria Enterococcus faecalis, was 8.55 and 8.05 mm, respectively. Compounds 2-3 against Streptococcus mutans were 9.00 and 8.45 mm (2) and 10.24 and 9.35 mm (3), respectively. Compound 5 against Porphyromonas gingivalis was 11.5 and 10.8 mm, respectively.

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Senyawa tetrapeptida antioksidan PAGY telah berhasil diisolasi dari kulit ikan amur sturgeon dan telah berhasil disintesis berserta analog PSGY, PFFY, PAFY dan PAIY menggunakan metode SPPS. Uji antioksidan menunjukkan senyawa PSGY lebih aktif dari senyawa PAGY dan senyawa analog lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis senyawa tetrapeptida PSSY dengan metode SPPS, dan mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan senyawa tetrapeptida hasil sintesis dengan uji DPPH. ibuat dalam dua versi; bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris. Tetrapeptida PSSY telah berhasil disintesis menggunakan strategi SPPS dengan resin 2klorotritilklorida sebagai padatan penyangga, gugus pelindung Fmoc, dan reagen kopling HATU/HOAt. Padatan PSSY berhasil dimurnikan menghasilkan PSSY 17 mg (13,88%). Setelah dimurnikan, PSSY dikarakterisasi dengan HR-TOF-MS yang memberikan nilai m/z [M+H] 453,2711 yang sesuai untuk PSSY. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan pada PSSY dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 7,513 mg/mL.

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia caused by resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion, or excessive glucagon production. Numerous studies have linked diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress. People with diabetes usually exhibit high oxidative stress due to persistent and chronic hyperglycemia, which impairs the activity of the antioxidant defense system and promotes the formation of free radicals. Recently, several studies have focused on exploring natural antioxidants to improve diabetes mellitus. Fibraurea tinctoria has long been known as the native Borneo used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes. Taxonomically, this plant is part of the Menispermaceae family, widely known for producing various alkaloids. Among them are protoberberine alkaloids such as berberine. Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid with many pharmacological activities. Berberine is receiving considerable interest because of its antidiabetic and antioxidant activities, which are based on many biochemical pathways. Therefore, this review explores the pharmacological effects of Fibraurea tinctoria and its active constituent, berberine, against oxidative stress and diabetes, emphasizing its mechanistic aspects. This review also summarizes the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of berberine and in silico studies of berberine in several diseases and its protein targets.

Abstract. Aureobasidins are a family of cyclodepsipeptides have antifungal properties. They were isolated from the black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans R106 and over 30 derivatives have been successfully characterized. There are few publications reporting the total synthesis of aureobasidins. The limited reports of the synthesis of the aureobasidin derivatives are due to the difficult access to the preparations of precursors. The aim of this research is to synthesise a precursor of aureobasidin B, t-butyl (2R)-hydroxyisovalerate (t-Bu-Hiv), that is prepared for the total synthesis of aureobasidin B. The synthesis of AbB is planned to be undertaken by using a solid phase method, so the ester formation between t-Bu-Hiv and the Fmoc-β-hydroxymethylvaline will be carried out in solution phase to form depsidipeptide. The t-butyl group was used as protecting agent that is due to the straightforward elimination of the protecting group from the Fmoc-depsidipeptide. The t-Bu-Hiv acid was prepared from Dvaline through diazotisation to form (2R)-acetyloxyisovaleric acid in 62.7% yield. Product of the first step was then protected by t-butyl group by using Boc-anhydride in t-butanol to give tbutil (2R)-acetyloxyisovalerate in 44% yield. In the last step, the acetyloxy group was eliminated by using potassium carbonate in methanol/water to give the desired product, t-BuHiv in 33.5% yield. The t-Bu-Hiv is ready to be combined with Fmoc-β-hydroxymethylvaline to result in depsidipeptide that will be attached to the resin in the total synthesis of AbB. Each stage of this synthesis was controlled by thin layer chromatography and all products were purified by open column chromatography. All the synthesized products were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, including infrared spectrophotometer, mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS), 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR.

The new lupane-type triterpenoid, 3-hydroxy-lup-9(11),12-diene, 28-oic acid (1), along with two known lupane-type triterpenoids, lupeol (2) and lupan-3-ol (3), were isolated from the bark of Sonnetaria alba. The structure of the new compound was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data analysis. Using the broth microdilution method, all compounds exhibited antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 15-33 to 35-55 g/mL, respectively.