In this study, we propose that diprophylline exerts bidirectional modulation (BM) on the isolated rat jejunal segment depending on its contractile state. The results supported the hypothesis. Diprophylline (20 µM) exerted stimulatory effects on the contractility of jejunal segment in six low contractile states while inhibitory effects in six high contractile states, showing the characteristics of BM. Diprophylline-induced stimulatory effect was significantly blocked by atropine, indicating the correlation with cholinergic activation. Diprophylline-induced inhibitory effect was partially blocked by phentolamine, propranolol, and L-N-Nitro-Arginine respectively, indicating their correlation with sympathetic activation and nitric oxide-mediated relaxing mechanisms. Diprophylline-induced BM was abolished by tetrodotoxin or in a Ca2+ free condition or pretreated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib, suggesting that diprophylline-induced BM is Ca2+ dependent, and that it requires the presence of enteric nervous system as well as pacemaker activity of interstitial cells of Cajal. Diprophylline significantly increased the reduced MLCK expression and myosin extent in constipation-prominent rats and significantly decreased the increased MLCK expression and myosin extent in diarrhea-prominent rats, suggesting that the change of MLCK expression may also be involved in diprophylline-induced BM on rat jejunal contractility. In summary, diprophylline-exerted BM depends on the contractile states of the jejunal segments, requires the presence of Ca2+, enteric nervous system, pacemaker activity of interstitial cells of Cajal, and MLCK-correlated myosin phosphorylation. The results suggest the potential implication of diprophylline in relieving alternative hypo/hyper intestinal motility.
Many gas molecules absorb electromagnetic radiation at characteristic wavelengths in the infrared region. This absorption can be used to identify defined substances like CO2, ammoniac, and so far. This study presents a comparative analysis of parameters of infrared radiation source and detector hardware that are most important for the creation of portable optical nondispersive infrared (NDIR) gas sensors. One of the central issues in the design of this kind of sensors is the geometry of the sensor cell. In this paper we investigate an asymmetry sensor cavity and predict the performance using Tracepro software. Then, the CO2 sensor is made and tested.
Urban road, as the most important aggregation point and generator of the urban life, is an important space for people to experience the city culture and awareness of city character. This paper takes the phenomenon of city character crisis that the city lacks local culture characteristics as the starting point. Through the analysis of landscape design of Dukang Road (E), which is in Baishui county, discusses how to reasonable use local culture in urban road landscape design. With the regional culture as an important creating source, absorb its beneficial "gene," so as to create urban road landscape with regional culture characteristics, thus to better showing the distinct personality and character of the city.
In ultrasound excited thermography method, high energy ultrasound is used as exciting source which can stimulate the defects such as crack and disband to produce heat. The heat excited would lead to temperature increase. The surface temperature would be captured and recorded by a thermal camera and further analysis would done. In this method, the defect is selectively stimulated, which makes this method suitable for small crack detection. Compared to contact ultrasound excited thermography method in which the sample to be tested is contacted with the high energy ultrasound source, in non-contact ultrasound excited thermography method, the sample has no contact with the horn of the high energy source and the energy is coupled by air. The non-contact method is suitable for the application in which even and not very high ultrasound energy is required or the sample is fragile. CFRPs with impact damage and a composite component with cracks were inspected with these two methods, the results show that ultrasound excited thermography method is suitable for composite evaluation.
Fermi level pinning (FLP) and dipole formation in TiN/HfO2/SiO2/Si stacks are investigated. The magnitude of FLP at TiN/HfO2 interface is estimated to be ~0 V based on dipole theory using concepts of interfacial gap states and charge neutrality level (CNL). The dipole amount at HfO2/SiO2 interface is experimentally extracted to be +0.33 V. These results show that dipole formation at HfO2/SiO2 interface is important for tuning flatband voltage of the TiN/HfO2/SiO2/Si stacks. Possible origin of dipole formation is demonstrated and attributed to be lower CNL of HfO2 compared with that of SiO2/Si stacks.
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