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The dramatic increase of cyber-attacks on energy systems can cause huge losses, which has drawn extensive attention due to the fast integration of information communication technologies (ICTs). This issue is becoming worse with the integration of electricity and gas systems (IEGS), facilitated by gas generation and new coupling technologies.This paper investigates the risk and mitigation strategies for IEGS under false data injection attacks (FDIA) in a hierarchical two-stage framework. The FDIA on both electricity and gas systems are modelled through injecting falsified data by adversaries. To mitigate the adverse impacts, a novel two-stage distributionally robust optimization (DRO) is proposed: i) day-ahead operation to determine initial operation scheme and ii) real-time corrective operation with the realization of FDIA and renewable generation uncertainties. A semidefinite programming is formulated for the original problem and it is then solved by a convex optimizationbased algorithm. A typical IEGS is used for demonstration, which shows that the proposed model is effective in mitigating the risks caused by potential FDIA and renewable uncertainties, by optimal coordinating energy infrastructures and load shedding. This work provides system operators with a powerful tool to operate the IEGS with enhanced security against malicious cyber-attacks while accommodating increasing renewable energy. The method can also be easily extended to operating IEGS against other natural attacks.

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Background: At present, diabetes is a chronic disease of great cost and heavy burdens. The International Diabetes Federation has repeatedly warned that by 2025, the global number of diabetics would rise to 333 million from 194 million in 2003. Although the occurrence of diabetes in developing countries is lower, China has a large population, so that the number of cases is increased. At the same time, more people have prediabetes, a growing health concern where a large percentage of the patients develop full type 2 diabetes. In addition, the patients of diabetes easily incur complications such as blindness, kidney failure, and cardiovascular diseases that can seriously affect the patients' quality of life and cause great economic burdens to family and society. Therefore, effective interventions for prediabetes are needed to prevent or delay the occurrence and development of diabetes.

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