The aim: This review was aimed to understand the role of different types of autoantibodies like antiphospholipid, antithyroid, antisperm, antinuclear, anti-ovarian autoantibodies and heat shock protein HSP 60 in the process of implantation in the normal way of conceiving and IVF and also to estimate that how the presence of these autoantibodies affect the normal pregnancy outcome. Materials and methods: This review process performed in the obstetrics and gynaecology postgraduate department, Bogomolets national medical university, Kyiv, Ukraine. It was a review of already published papers not to need the ethical board committee's approval. By following the literature review guidelines, this paper was written and searched for relevant studies regarding autoantibodies and implantation, published in medical literature till 2020 were included in this review process. The search is done for studies published till 2020 in the English language from the Medline database, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane library database. Conclusions: Our recent work found that the involvement of APA, ANA and/or ATA in recipients of oocyte donations did not affect their pregnancy outcomes. Some researchers did not give any clear conclusion about these risks, and some stated that the use of some immunodepressant agents could be useful to reduce the harmful effects of these autoantibodies associated with implantation failure. Each autoantibody has a different mechanism of action to create the pathological state, some have direct effect, and some indirectly impact implantation. In future, further high-quality studies need to be performed for better understanding.
Immunoglobulins M (IgMs) are the evolutionally oldest class of antibodies in higher eukaryotes. This pool of antibodies is one of the first to appear in humans and begins to be-synthesized at the early stages of the neonatal period. Most of the repertoire of IgMs of the newborns consists of the so-called «natural», or «naive», antibodies synthesized by the body without external antigenic stimulation. In addition to the classical functions of human immunoglobulins M (such as antigen recognition and initiation of innate immune responses), antibodies of this class exhibit a variety of non-canonical functions. The non-canonical functions are the action of antibodies as agonists/antagonists of various receptors, cleavage of antigen due to the catalytic activity of IgM, direct inactivation of pathogens in the absence of effector cells and molecules, etc. The aim of this work was to study and compare the antiviral activity of total preparations of immunoglobulin M of newborns and adults, obtained from umbilical cord and venous blood sera, on the LLC-PK1 cell line model infected with the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). In addition, in the course of the studies, a decision was made to investigate the effect of combined preparations of immunoglobulin M on the change in signal transduction in the epidermal growth factor receptor as one of the mechanisms of TGEV internalization during infection of target cells. Methods. Highly purified preparations of total IgM of adults or newborns were obtained using the methodologies of sequential salt fractionation and affinity chromatography. This work used the model of the interaction of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus with cells of the LLC-PK1 line and the monitoring of changes in the phosphorylation state of the epidermal growth factor receptor of these cells during virus infection to study the effect of human IgM on the internalization of the virus and its interaction with the receptor system of the host cell. The degree of cytopathogenic effect of the virus was determined visually by changes in cell morphology. The mean infectious dose for transmissible gastroenteritis virus in the cell culture of the LLC-PK1 line was determined by the Reed-Muench method. Analysis of changes in the phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor was performed using the Western-blot analysis method. Results. The addition of a total high-purified sample of human IgM reduces the degree of efficiency of TGEV infection of the LLC-PK1 cell line and modulates the phosphorylation levels of these cells. Conclusions. The total preparations of IgM obtained from human venous blood of adults and from umbilical cord blood of newborns can affect the internalization of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus in the LLC-PK1 cell line. The original model of virus (TGEV) — cell line (LLC-PK1) was applied and tested to study the effect of native total preparations of immunoglobulin M on the internalization of the virus into the cell. The obtained data can be useful in further studies for a better understanding of the process of development and functioning of the immune system of newborns.
A search of peer-reviewed articles regarding heat shock proteins (HSP’s) especially HSP 60 and 70 was conducted in this review to understand its role in the development of various complications like miscarriage, preterm birth, tubal infertility and spontaneous abortion associated with chlamydial HSP 60 in IVF, male infertility, preeclampsia, cancer, immune system activation, autoimmune diseases, coronary heart disease, dysregulation of steroidal hormone from the endometrium and its up-regulation in stress response. ELISA, western blotting, immunofluorescence, and affinity chromatography were the most common methods researchers used to determine and separate HSP 60 and antibodies related to it. Heat shock proteins are responsible for normal folding of other proteins and prevent its abnormal folding and cause degradation of abnormally folded proteins, mitochondrial protein transport, DNA metabolism, regulation of apoptosis are their significant functions. HSP 60 is a homologue of bacterial HSP 60 (GroEL) and needs co-chaperonin HSP 10 for its proper functioning. Gynaecological and obstetrical complications were more prevalent in most studies. Pregnant women were mostly affected subjects. Abnormal HSP 60 leads to a high level of unfolded or misfolded proteins, which in turn activate other body systems to produce the clinical outcome. Some researchers stated that there is no association between preterm birth and HSP 60 & 70, chlamydial HSP 60 antibodies trigger tubal infertility, preeclamptic pregnancies has detectable HSP60 as compared to control, GroEL leads to tubal infertility and IVF failure, chlamydial (CHSP 60) activates autoimmunity. HSP60 seropositivity reduces the opportunities of ectopic pregnancy, levels of HSP 60 does not stay constant throughout the menstrual cycle in reference to control, while other opposed these conclusions in their research works. According to some researchers, HSP 60 is a risk factor for pregnancy-related pathologies development, and some other opposed this theory and considered HSP 60 as a safety factor for normal pregnancy outcome, according to this review harmful effect of HSP 60 dominate, in future further high-quality studies need to be done for better understanding.
HBD-2-a member of β-defensin family of antimicrobial peptides-is known to permeabilize cell membranes of susceptible cells, but the mechanism of such interactions is poorly understood. In our study, we used a hemolytic model to explore the kinetic properties of HBD-2 interactions with membranes of human erythrocytes. We ran hemolytic assays with a wide range of both HBD-2 and erythrocyte concentrations, as well as varying pH values, incubation times, and osmotic strengths; each in the presence or the absence of inhibitory substances such as proteins and salts. The results show that HBD-2 cell membrane permeabilization is both dose-and time-dependent (with plateau effect observed in each case), and inversely dependent on erythrocyte concentration. HBD-2 interactions with cell membranes highly depend on pH value and the presen ce of inhibitors but are not affected by tested osmotic strength range. Our findings suggest that interactions of HBD-2 with cell membranes are mainly electrostatic in nature and are limited by released cell content. We developed a speculative model of such interaction based on our results. K e y w o r d s: human beta-defensin 2, hemolytic activity, membrane permeabilization.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GD) is a widespread disease, the level of which continues to overgrow. Gestational diabetes mellitus significantly increases the risk of developing severe chronic pathology in both mother and child in the future. This publication is devoted to the prevention of GD during pregnancy, screening and diagnosis. Improve the course of pregnancy, childbirth, life for mother and child in women with GD, possibly with the earliest possible detection of disorders and complete correction of carbohydrate metabolism. To prevent GD development during pregnancy, it is necessary to identify risk factors, eliminate some of them, and prevent new ones. The risk factors for the disease include: overweight and obesity, pathological weight gain in the I–II trimester of pregnancy, burdened heredity, hypodynamics, old age, smoking, stress, polycystic ovarian syndrome, hypertension, hypothyroidism shortly before and/or during pregnancy, use of glucocorticosteroids, ethnicity, genetic factors. To prevent the development of GD in all women from early pregnancy, recommend nutrition; weight gain control; regular moderate physical activity; therapeutic exercise (in the absence of the threat of miscarriage, placenta previa and some other complications); limiting stressful situations; enough night's sleep; rational regime mode; abandonment of bad habits. This study has established the importance of early diagnosis and screening of pregnant women for GD. Diabetes mellitus is associated with increasing frequency of unfavourable pregnancy outcomes, perinatal morbidity and mortality. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes, manifest, glucose.
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