Due to their outstanding dielectric and ferroelectric properties, barium titanate (BaTiO(3))-based ceramics have found many applications in electronic devices. To optimise the final quality of such ceramics, a detailed knowledge of the complex processes involved in the formation of BaTiO(3) is required. The phase formation process in ordered structures of the BaCO(3)/TiO(2) system was analysed by X-ray diffraction and by Raman spectral imaging (RSI) as a function of the annealing temperature. RSI was used for the first time as a locally resolving method for phase analysis, and proved to be a useful tool in examining the formation process of BaTiO(3) starting from spherical, core-shell structured precursors of the type TiO(2) core/BaCO(3) shell. The Raman spectra of different BaO-TiO(2) phases appearing as intermediate phases during the formation of BaTiO(3) were recorded for separately-prepared pure substances. Using these spectra as fingerprints, and choosing phase filters by setting wave number windows, "phase landscape pictures" of the samples at different temperatures during the genesis of BaTiO(3) could be created with a lateral resolution of up to 200 nm. These pictures confirm shell-like formation of the different barium titanate phases according to the diffusion of barium and oxygen ions from the Ba-rich shell into the TiO(2) core. At an intermediate state of the phase formation process, the phase sequence Ba(2)TiO(4), BaTiO(3), BaTi(2)O(5), BaTi(4)O(9) and BaTi(5)O(11) to TiO(2) was detected from the outer to the inner parts of the core-shell structures.
The influence of the milling liquid on the properties of donor-doped ( La3+) semiconducting barium titanate ( BaTiO 3 ) ceramics, generated by the mixed oxide technique, was investigated. Distilled water and propan-2-ol were used as milling liquids. Water was found to have two essential effects. First, it dissolves Ba2+ ions out of BaTiO 3 grains, thus creating core-shell structures which were confirmed by high-resolution electron microscopy ( HREM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy ( EELS). They consist of a 3-5 nm thick TiO x -rich layer followed by a layer (ca. 10 nm thick) with a molar Ba/Ti ratio increasing from 0 to 1. These core-shell structures of the BaTiO 3 powder positively affect the sintering behaviour of the greens by the high reactivity of the Ti-rich interlayer. Secondly, water cleans the BaTiO 3 powder of acceptor contaminants, producing ceramics with a low electrical resistivity at room temperature. Propan-2-ol-milled ceramics of a comparable composition show an electrical resistivity up to six orders of magnitude higher, owing to the compensation of La3+-doping by acceptor contaminants.
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