Single‐spored isolates of Pyrenophora associated with spot and net type net blotch of barley were compared using total DNA banding patterns, morphological and cultural characteristics, symptomatology and mating studies. Isolates of spot and net type net blotch were found to vary regarding conidium length and cultural growth rate. Mating studies among and between ascospore, spot and net type isolates proved unsuccessful under the conditions studied. Total DNA polymorphisms of the net spot and ascospore isolates digested with the restriction enzymes HpaII and HaeIII showed that the isolates have similar banding patterns. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) showed that the banding patterns of the spot and net type isolates were again similar but were distinct from outgroups such as P. semeniperda and P. triticirepentis. The homology in DNA banding patterns of local isolates indicated that the difference in conidium length is insufficient to separate them as two species. It is concluded that spot and net type isolates occurring in South Africa belong to P. teres. Therefore spot type lesions are caused by P. teres f. sp. maculata and not by P. japonica as reported previously.
Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men in the UK. Within 2 years of diagnosis, one-third of patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) will develop metastatic disease, which is associated with significantly greater morbidity and mortality compared to disease without metastases. The approval of second-generation androgen receptor inhibitors such as darolutamide has transformed the nmCRPC treatment landscape because they lead to prolonged metastasis-free survival and better maintenance of quality of life compared with placebo. Early identification of patients with nmCRPC who are suitable for treatment is imperative because most of these patients are asymptomatic. Clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) play a critical, supportive role in the management of disease and treatment follow-up. This product-focused article discusses the use of darolutamide in nmCRPC and the vital role that CNSs play in the management and care of patients with prostate cancer.
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