Background. The need to study the population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus is due to the intensive spread of COVID-19 and the implementation of immunoprophylaxis of this infection. The identification of the features of the formation of immunoresistance in organized military collectives will allow us to predict the development of the epidemic situation, including among comparable population groups. Aims the study of population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic against the background of specific immunoprophylaxis in organized military collectives. Methods. According to epidemiological indications, an epidemiological study of collective immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus was conducted against the background of vaccination among cadets of military educational organizations. The study involved 497 people, divided into groups by epidemiological and vaccination history for COVID-19, blood groups and Rh factor. The assessment of the immunity intensity was carried out by the levels of class G immunoglobulins (IgG) to SARS-CoV-2 in the blood serum by the method of solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. Results. Seroprevalence in the total sample was 92.6%. The highest rates were observed among vaccinated patients: those who were not ill and vaccinated 99.0 0.7%, those who were ill and vaccinated-100% (mean geometric antibody titers 1:2234 and 1:4399). Among the ill, unvaccinated individuals, the seroprevalence index was 84.5 3.2% (1:220). Among those who were not ill, not vaccinated 8.2 3.1% (1:113), which may indicate a hidden course of the epidemic process in the team. A negative immune response was more common (tSt = 2.01; p 0.05) in individuals A(II)Rh+ blood group. The highest proportion of maximum antibody titers (1:32001:6400) was determined in AB(IV) individuals. Rh-blood groups (tSt=2.21; p 0.05). Conclusions. For the first time, the formation of combined immunity with the highest concentrations of specific antibodies was revealed in patients who have been ill and vaccinated has been revealed, which allows us to recommend vaccination to those who have suffered from COVID-19. The emergence of post-infectious immunity in organized groups with a latent epidemic process has been established. The relationship between the intensity of immunity with blood groups and the Rh factor was found.
Given that COVID-19 is a global public health problem and that almost all countries in the world have been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, research is being actively pursued to better understand the effects of the virus on human cells. However, it is not clear what changes are observed in the cells of the main gate of infection – the mucosa of the mouth and the nose at different clinical forms and at different periods of disease. Understanding the ultra-structural cell changes of SARS-CoV-2 targets may help clarify the pathogenic aspects of infection in the lower respiratory tract. In this study, the elements of the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the cells of the respiratory epithelium of the nose in patients with COVID-19 were evaluated using electron microscopy for the purpose of detecting the peculiarities of viral activity depending on the form and period of disease. Bioptats of the nasal mucous membrane were taken from COVID-19 patients and subsequently examined by electron microscopy. The severity of structural changes in tissue samples, presence of SARSCoV-2 virus in cells were determined, then bioptats were grouped according to the clinical form of the infection process (inapparent, acute upper respiratory tract infections, viral lung disease) and period of disease. It has been established that the most characteristic changes in the mucous membrane of the nose were observed in the first week of infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 and occurring in the form of acute respiratory disease, while viral lung infections have had the highest virus density in vesicles within cells, the formation of smooth virus-free vesicles is most common in inapparent forms. The data obtained may indicate that the formation of classical virus-induced changes in the respiratory epithelium of the nose mucous (vesicles with viral particles and signs of their release from the cell) is characteristic of localized forms of infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 (respiratory infection of the upper respiratory tract) and in cases of generalized infection (viral infection of the lungs and probably other organs and systems) accumulation of the infectious agent in high concentrations in vesicles.
The results achieved by the medical service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to overcome the new coronavirus infection are presented. The high efficiency of the established unified system of biological safety and strict ranking of the priorities of anti-epidemic measures is shown. The experience of organizing traveling medical and nursing teams, as well as temporary military medical units on the territory of Russia, as well as in foreign countries, is demonstrated. Among the priority scientific results of military doctors, especially noteworthy is the study of the world’s first COVID-19 vaccine Sputnik V, its immunogenicity, the effectiveness of its use in previously ill patients and revaccination, as well as the use of immune plasma from those who have been ill and vaccinated. By the examples of organized military groups and the general population, the features of the formation of herd immunity have been studied. Military doctors were the first in the country to show the effectiveness of hormone therapy in the treatment of coronavirus infection and to study its effects. They carried out ultrastructural studies of the life cycle of the virus. It is shown that the system of comprehensive measures implemented by military medicine determined a lower incidence of new coronavirus infection among the personnel of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and a lower mortality among the military.
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