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BackgroundThe inactivity physiology paradigm proposes that sedentary behaviors, including sitting too much, are independent of the type of physical activity delineated for health in the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Thus, we hypothesized that, when accounting for behaviors across the entire day, variability in the amount of time spent sitting would be independent of the inter-and intra-individual time engaged in sustained moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA).MethodsNinety-one healthy women, aged 40–75 years, completed a demographic questionnaire and assessment of height and weight. Participants wore the activPAL activity monitor for one week and time (minutes/day) spent sitting, standing, stepping, and in sustained bouts (bouts ≥10 minutes) of MVPA were quantified. The women were then stratified into groups based on weekly sustained MVPA. Additionally, each day of data collection for each participant was classified as either a “sufficient” MVPA day (≥ 30 min of MVPA) or an “insufficient” MVPA day for within-participant analyses.ResultsTime spent sitting, standing, and in incidental non-exercise stepping averaged 64, 28, and 11 hrs/week, respectively, and did not differ between groups with individuals meeting/exceeding the current exercise recommendation of 150 min/week of sustained MVPA in ≥10 minutes bouts (M = 294 min/week, SD = 22) compared to those with none or minimal levels (M= 20min/week, SD = 4). Time spent sitting (M = 9.1 hr/day, SD = 0.19 vs. M = 8.8 hr/day, SD = 0.22), standing (M = 3.9 hr/day, SD = 0.16 vs. M = 3.9 hr/day, SD = 0.15), and in intermittent stepping (M = 1.6 hr/day, SD = 0.07 vs. M = 1.6 hr/day, SD = 0.06) did not differ between days with (~55 min/day) and without recommended MVPA.ConclusionsThis study provides the first objective evidence that participation in sustained MVPA is unrelated to daily sitting duration in relatively healthy, middle and older-aged women. More research is needed to extend these findings to other populations and to inform distinct behavioral recommendations focused on sedentary time.

This study demonstrates that C pneumoniae can frequently be detected in atheromatous plaques in coronary arteries. However, its distribution did not correlate with severity or extent of disease.

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Sixty-two clinical isolates of Enterobacter aerogenes resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins were collected between July 2003 and May 2005. Among these isolates, 23 (37.1%) were imipenem (IPM) susceptible, and 39 (62.9%) were IPM insusceptible, of which 89.7% (35/39) were resistant and 10.3% (4/39) were intermediate. Isolate genotypes were compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Of 62 isolates, 48 belonged to epidemic pulsotype A (77.4%). This pulsotype included 37.5% and 58.4% of ␤-lactam phenotypes b and a, respectively. Nine isolates (14.5%) belonged to pulsotype E, which included 22.3% and 77.7% of phenotypes b and a, respectively. The ␤-lactamases with pIs of 5.4, 6.5, 8.2, and 8.2 corresponded to extended-spectrum ␤-lactamases (ESBLs) TEM-20, TEM-24, SHV-5, and SHV-12, respectively. Of 39 IPM-insusceptible E. aerogenes isolates, 26 (66.6%) were determined to be metallo-␤-lactamase producers, by using a phenotypic method. Of these isolates, 24 harbored a bla IMP-1 gene encoding a protein with a pI of >9.5, and two carried the bla VIM-2 gene encoding a protein with a pI of 5.3, corresponding to ␤-lactamases IMP-1 and VIM-2, respectively. The remaining 13 (33.4%) isolates were negative for the bla IMP-1 and bla VIM-2 genes but showed an alteration of their outer membrane proteins (OMPs). Ten of these isolates produced the two possible OMPs (32 and 42 kDa), with IPM MICs between 8 and 32 g/ml, and three others produced only a 32-kDa OMP with IPM MICs >32 g/ml. This work demonstrates that, in addition to resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, IPM resistance can occur in ESBL-producing E. aerogenes isolates by carbapenemase production or by the loss of porin in the outer membrane.Enterobacter aerogenes has recently emerged as an important hospital pathogen (13). The prevalence of this bacterial species has increased considerably since the introduction of extendedspectrum cephalosporins into clinical practice (18). Various resistance mechanisms have been described in this species, such as extended-spectrum ␤-lactamases (ESBLs), plasmidmediated production (21), and hyperproduction of the Bush group 1 chromosomally mediated cephalosporinases (32). Although these enzymes are specifically characteristic of some Enterobacter spp., the appearance of similar plasmid-mediated ␤-lactamases in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli raises concerns about the spread of resistance (21, 32). For both ESBL-producing and AmpC-producing isolates, carbapenems are the only ␤-lactam agents active against both resistance mechanisms. Data from previous studies have shown that both ESBL and AmpC ␤-lactamase producers had reduced susceptibility to imipenem (IPM) due to either carbapenemhydrolyzing enzymes (carbapenemase) (30), decreased membrane permeability due to loss of porin in the outer membrane (14, 39), or active efflux (27).The IPM resistance of ESBL-producing E. aerogenes strains was observed for the first time at Amiens University Hospital (A.U.H.) in 2002. To determine whether the strains were epidem...

Mantero and colleagues have reported a modification of the Bunnell pull-out method for the repair of zone 1 flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) lacerations that allows active postoperative mobilization. We report a series of 24 FDP lesions in 20 adult patients treated with this technique. The mean duration of the rehabilitation regimen, which was followed by all patients, was 4.2 months. Functional assessment using Strickland's criteria demonstrated 23 excellent to good results and one poor due to a septic rupture. Nineteen of the 20 patients were satisfied with treatment and all but one of the patients returned to work within an average of 2.6 months after operation. In comparison to other zone 1 repair methods with active mobilization regimens, the Mantero technique gives better functional outcomes and appears to be more reliable.