The purpose of the present study was to assess the number of pathological dental changes and anomalies in dogs. The incidence of dental diseases was investigated in radiologically examined 139 males dogs and 120 females dogs, aged seven months to 15 years. There were 235 purebred dogs and 24 mongrels. The oral cavity was clinically examined and radiographed. The incidence and extent of oligodontia, periodontitis, dental fractures and rotations, persisting deciduous teeth and supernumerary teeth were recorded. It has also been established that 30% of dogs presented more than one anomaly. The incidence of oligodontia equalled to 45.17%, peridontitis 44.40%, fracture 19.30%, tooth rotation 11.59%, persisting deciduous teeth 5.40% and supernumerary teeth 3.86%. Our results have shown that incidence of dental changes and anomalies differed significantly between dogs of different age groups. The highest incidence of oligodontia, tooth rotation, retained deciduous teeth and supernumerary teeth was observed in the youngest age group (p < 0.001), dental fracture in the mid-age group (p < 0.001) and peridontitis in the mid-age and oldest age group (p < 0.001). Considering the hereditary nature of the anomalies such as congenital oligodontia, tooth rotation and retained deciduous teeth, dog breeders should provide for a timely X-ray examination and, in case of these anomalies, exclude the affected dogs from further breeding. Oligodontia, periodontitis, tooth fracture, tooth rotation, retained deciduous teeth, supernumerary teethThe results of analysis of pathological findings in dogs of all ages have shown that diseases and anomalies of the oral cavity are the most frequent ones. Among these changes, clinically diagnosed gingivitis is the most common (H a r vey 1996; Smith 1985). According to a research carried out by H a r vey et al. (1983), the most frequent radiologically diagnosed change was periodontitis, which was found in 95% of dogs over 2 years of age.The number of radiologically observed dental changes is increasing every year. There are different reasons for their occurrence. For example, greater care for animals, an ever increasing number of purebred dogs and more stringent cynological rules are only some of the factors contributing to more frequent dental examinations.The purpose of the present study is to assess the number of pathological dental changes and anomalies in dogs, which can be diagnosed radiologically, together with the incidence thereof, by age categories. Materials and MethodsThe study was carried out on patients at the Department of Roentgenology, Ultrasonic Diagnostic and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb. During a four-year period, 9 016 dogs were examined radiologically, 259 of them were sent by veterinarians and cynological judges for an X-ray examination due to various dental anomalies. Of this number, 235 dogs belonged to 23 breeds and 24 were mongrels. Only

H. CAPAK: Three-dimensional multislice helical computed tomography in the diagnostics of vena azygos connection to the caudal vena cava in a dog -a case report. Vet. arhiv 87, 631-639, 2017. ABSTRACTIn a four-year old Australian Cattle Dog bitch, CT angiography of the communication of the azygos vein with the interrupted caudal vena cava, without portocaval shunting is described. The communication of the azygos vein with the discontinued caudal vena cava is usually an incidental finding which does not appear with portocaval shunting. CT angiography and 3D multiplanar reconstruction (MIP and VR) enable us to distinguish the processes regarding the direction and size of anomalies of the blood vessels. By means of imaging in two basic projections using the velocity ratio (VR) a significant enlargement and the communication of the caudal vena cava with a significantly enlarged azygos vein and its connection with the cranial vena cava is shown.

Dilated pupils are traditionally considered one of the main signs of clinical death and brain death. Although in clinical practice even in biological death pupil size often remains medium. Pupil size evaluation is not included into modern CPR protocols and brain death diagnostics protocols.