In cyber-physical-human medical environments, coordinating supervisory medical systems and medical staff to perform treatments in in accordance with best practice is essential for patient safety. However, the dynamics of patient conditions and the non-deterministic nature of potential side effects of treatments pose significant challenges. In this paper, we propose a validation protocol to enforce the correct execution sequence of performing treatment, regarding preconditions validation, side effects monitoring, and expected responses checking based on the pathophysiological models. The proposed protocol organizes the medical information concisely and comprehensively to help medical staff validate treatments. Unlike traditional validation mechanism for cyber systems, the medical system cannot lock or rollback the states of physical components, such as patient conditions. Therefore, the proposed protocol dynamically adapts to the patient conditions and side effects of treatments. Moreover, a cardiac arrest scenario is used as a case study to verify the safety and correctness properties of the proposed protocol.
Plastic is a resilient, chemically inert, lightweight, and low-cost material. It sticks around in the environment for more than hundred years, threatening nature and spreading toxins. The current study deals with the use of waste polymeric materials and de oiled cake for the production of liquid oil and its blend on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine. The tests were conducted in an engine fuelled with diesel and four distinct blends such as 5% (B5), 10% (B10), 15% (B15), and 20% (B20), respectively. The liquid oil was produced by co-pyrolysis of neem de oiled cake (NDC) and waste polystyrene (WPS) in 1 : 2 blend ratio. The raw pyrolysis oil and its different blends were tested for their physical and chemical characteristics in order to find their suitability. Brake power (BP), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) are used to assess the performance of the engine. The experimental results reveal that BTE at all blends is lower than diesel at all loads and the BSFC increases with increasing blend ratio and falls with increasing engine load. At higher loads, the deviation of performance and emission values from baseline diesel up to B10 is very small. It is found from the results that the liquid oil derived from NDC and WPS up to 10% blend will be the promising additive for fossil fuels.
Wind is an endless resource which is abundantly found in nature. Harnessing wind energy for producing electricity is one of the ways for buildings for a sustainable future. Small-scale wind turbines could be a reliable energy source for usage in homes and in autonomous applications in locations that are far away from the grid power. Small wind turbines operating at low wind speeds regularly face the problem of poor performance due to small rotor size. To increase the power production additional wind turbines are installed. This increases the overall cost of the project. To reduce the cost and to improve the efficiency, multiple rotors are connected through a single shaft to the fixed single generator. The Implementation of this design permits start up at lower wind speeds, increasing the start-up torque and thus improving the overall performance of the turbine. This paper elaborates the design and fabrication of such a wind turbine. [1] [2] [3]
Friction stir welding was invented at Welding institute, United Kingdom in the year 1991 and has ever since been proved to be one of the best solid state joining methods for materials such as aluminium and magnesium. Some of the aluminium alloys which are not able to weld (Al-Cu, Al-Zn-Mg alloy) by fusion welding techniques, which produce defects and reduce the mechanical properties on the weld nugget could be welded using friction stir welding (FSW) successfully with excellent joint efficiencies. However effect of the process parameters on the properties of weldment have not been investigated fully. In this study, 5mm thick plates of aluminium alloys AA2024 (4.4%Cu, 0.6%Mn, 1.6%Mg) and AA7075 (2.5%Mg, 1.4%Cu, 0.2%Cr, 5.6%Zn) is selected for investigation. The FSW welding process was conducted on varying the welding process parameters such as tool rotation speed (RPM), welding speed (mm/min) and tool pin profile by keeping downward force (kN) constant. The properties such as defects, macro and microstructure, micro hardness, tensile and bend behavior on welded plates were studied. Sixteen sets of butt welds were produced using straight and tapered cylindrical with left hand threaded FSW tool pins. It has been found out that defect free weld could be produced with the help of tapered cylindrical with left hand threaded tool pin with tool rotation speed of 600 RPM, welding speed of 30 mm/min and downward force of 2.5 kN
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