.A preliminary studywas made of chewing duringeatingwith a total of sixcows with rumen fistulas, given diets of hay or herbage. A sieving technique was used to determine the size of particles of food swallowed at intervals throughout the eating period. The number of jaw movements, number and weight of the swallowed food boluses and the time spent eating were measured with each diet. 2. The mean particle size of hay contained in a bolus collected at the cardia varied between individual cows from 1602 pm to 1244 pm. Boluses swallowed in the first few minutes of eating contained particles of a larger average size than those at any other time during the meal. Also, the rate of swallowing boluses of food was much faster at the beginning of a meal and the weight of boluses smaller than at any other time. The frequency of jaw movements did not vary appreciably during a meal. 3. Increasing the amount of hay given to the cows by 5 0 yo or giving a different hay did not cause any significarlt alteration in the average size of particles of swallowed hay, and changes in the rate of swallowing boluses, or in, the rate of jaw movements and the size of boluses were not very marked. 4. With a diet of herbage, boluses were swallowed rapidly and the average particle size of swallowed food was larger than that of hay. Also, there were slightly more jaw movements per min and larger boluses than with hay. 5 . The observations made in the study are discussed in relation to possible factors that determine the particle size of swallowed food.
Large differences in new infection rates occurred with half-udder milking machines in which one half of the cluster operated substantially free from vacuum fluctuations while the other half was subjected to various combinations of different types of fluctuation in vacuum. To increase the rate of new infection all teats were contaminated before and after each milking by immersion in a suspension of Streptococcus agalactiae and Str. dysgalactiae. A series of short-duration trials indicated that neither irregular nor cyclic fluctuations in vacuum acting alone were able to increase new infection rate. However, either the Nyhan and Cowhig irregular fluctuation, or a variant of it in combination with cyclic fluctuations in vacuum, was able to do so under the particular experimental conditions used.
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