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Brightness variations in satellite images of cloud-free. ocean regions have been hypothesized to be caused by marine aerosol particle variations. The objective of this dissertation is to quantitatively examine the relationship between marine aerosol particles and satellite-detected radiance. Further. the causes of particle variations which lead to upwelling radiance variation. particularly relative humidity effects. are investigated.Both theoretical and experimental approaches are taken to attain these objectives. First. a two-stream radiative transfer model is used to calculate upwelling radiance variations caused by calculated aerosol particle variations. Variations of particle scattering characteristics due to composition. total number (due to wind speed variation). and size (due to relative humidity variation) are investigated.Second. an experiment designed to relate near-simultaneous satellite images to marine boundary layer characteristics was conducted off shore of southern California from 20 September to 7 October. 1982.Satellite images were analyzed in real-time and used to direct an aircraft to regions of brightness variations detected in the images.The aircraft measured atmospheric state variables and aerosol particle characteristics in the regions of interest. This set of measurements is used to compare satellite-detected radiance with known aerosol particle characteristics and atmospheric state variables.From the theoretical and experimental results it is concluded that satellite-detected radiance is positively correlated with aerosol optical depth. Also. marine boundary layer radiative extinction is related to relative humidity. Therefore. since satellite-detected radiance is related to total extinction (optical depth) and extinction i.s related to relative humidity, satellite-detected radiance is related to relative humidity.The relationship between boundary layer relative humidity and satellite-detected radiance is limited by significant numbers of particles above the boundary layer. Upper le~el particles are shown to result fram a mixture of marine, terrestrial and possibly urban sources.])me to composition and size distribution differences, the wavelength dependence of the particle scattering characteristics is greater for situations influenced by upper level particles than those where only marine particles are present. Following this reasoning, the ratio of satellite-detected radiance at red and near infrared wavelengths is shown to detect the presence of significant amounts of upper level particles. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A high-resolution radar sounder has been used in the simultaneous detection of atmospheric structure and insects. The vertical distribution of insects was often correlated with atmospheric structure. Continuous recordings revealed diurnal fluctuations and layering of insects at various altitudes.

AimClimate change has influenced the distribution and phenology of marine species, globally. However, knowledge of the impacts of climate change is lacking for many species that support valuable recreational fisheries. Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) are the target of an important recreational fishery along the U.S. east coast that is currently the subject of a management controversy regarding allocation and stock structure. Further, the current and probable future distributions of this migratory species are unclear, further complicating decision‐making. The objectives of this study are to better define the contemporary distribution of cobia along the U.S. east coast and to project potential shifts in distribution and phenology under future climate change scenarios.LocationChesapeake Bay and the U.S. east coast.MethodsWe developed a depth‐integrated habitat suitability model using archival tagging data from cobia that were caught and tagged in Chesapeake Bay during summer months and coupled those data with high‐resolution ocean models to project the contemporary and future distributions of cobia along U.S. east coast.ResultsDuring the winter months, suitable cobia habitat currently occurs in offshore waters off North Carolina and further south, whereas during the summer months, suitable habitat occurs in waters from Florida to southern New England. In warmer years, the availability of suitable habitat increases in northern latitudes. Under continued climate change over the next 40–80 years, suitable habitat is projected to shift northward and decrease over the shelf.Main conclusionsHabitat distributions suggest cobia overwinter offshore and could inhabit waters further north during warmer months, into state jurisdictions that do not have strict management regulations for cobia. When waters are warmer, distributions are projected to shift poleward and seasonal migrations may begin earlier. These results can inform resource allocation discussions between fishery managers and resource users.

Abstract. An FM/CW radar sounding system designed and built by one of us (Richter, 1969) reveals atmospheric wave structure in unparalleled detail.The most outstanding features evident in the record are; internal gravity waves; features resembling Kelvin/Helmholtz instability structures; and multiple layering, often with lamina only a few meters thick.This paper shows a variety of atmospheric structural patterns and compares them with several hypothetical models of internal waves to obtain more insight into the atmospheric processes at work. Special attention is given to the distribution of the Richardson number in trapped and untrapped gravity waves. It is proposed that the multiple layers result from untrapped internal gravity waves whose propagation vector is directed nearly vertically within very stable height regions. It is argued that the layers are caused by dynamic instability resulting from reduction in the Richardson number due to wave induced shear and to some background wind shear when the amplitude-to-wavelength ratio grows during propagation into thermally stable height regions of the atmosphere.