Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is one of the trending low-yield stress material innovations of the new age building industry due to its ability to flow through heavily reinforced structural members without segregation and without losing its moderate viscosity. In this research paper, a V-funnel simulation has been developed for the flow time to establish its validity with allowable design conditions according to the European standard. The Bernoulli’s equation and the continuity flow state conditions were adopted for the V-funnel of 515 mm upper width, 75 mm thick, and vertical dimensions (depth) of 450 mm and 150 mm for the V-section and funnel duct (75 mm × 65 mm) respectively. Concrete shear stress with the funnel wall was considered as a factor of concrete unit weight (ρ) and frictional force under downward velocity with respect to variational height (dh). The result of the V-funnel simulation for the flow time shows that the kinematic viscosity (η) of the concrete is bound within the limits of 0 and 1/64. This implies that ηmin ≈ 0 (no friction with walls), and the minimum flow time (Tmin) becomes 8.7 sec while minimum shear stress is zero (τmin ≈ 0 N/m2). However, for ηmax ≈ 1/64 (maximum friction with walls of τmax τ ρ/64 N/m2 is attained) and Tmax becomes 18.9 sec. These values fall within the flow time after 10 seconds of mixing, ranging between 8 and 10 seconds, and the flow time after 5 minutes of mixing of 11 to 25 seconds, according to the European Guidelines for self-consolidating concrete. These results for the flow simulation of the concrete placement during construction, are also consistent with the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs) for technological innovation, infrastructure, and sustainable cities.
Traditional masonry bricks are made of clay burnt under high temperatures, resulting in high energy consumption, environmental contaminations and decreased natural raw materials. In order to limit nature risks, inorganic materials have been used to make brick. Four types of materials, including fine and coarse plastic, cast iron, and iron swarf, have been used to make bricks. A total number of 64 specimens were made and tested. The tests results were presented in the form of compressive strength, rupture module, water absorption percentage, and initial water absorption ratio. The result showed that using cast iron powder caused the maximum compressive strength amongst all the samples, and was 46% larger than for the reference bricks. On the other hand, the maximum initial water absorption occurred within the first three hours, while the maximum rate was associated to samples with higher coarse plastic contents.
The self-compacting concrete (SCC), which is the major innovation of the concrete technology of the 21st century, has been sustained due to its impact on the sustainable construction of infrastructures. Various additives have been coupled into the production of SCC to improve its passing ability, flow, shear stress, dynamic resistance and segregation resistance. The flow of the SCC is experimentally measured through various models, which include Slump-cone, V-funnel, L-box, U-box, J-ring, etc., by which the flowability, passing ratio (passing ability), etc., are determined. In this research paper, the L-box model has been used to simulate the flow output condition, which is the passing ratio (h2/h1) of the SCC, to optimize its passing ability for sustainable concreting. The passing ability of the SCC through the L-box was estimated by recording the heights at the upstream (h1) and downstream (h2) of the horizontal leg of the test box at the end of the flow through embedded steel bars. Stress and pressure boundary conditions for the flow state condition were deployed to solve the passing ratio simulation problem for the L-box model. The results show that the optimized passing ratio (flow output), h2/h1, falls within the appropriate European Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) materials.
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