Nowadays, manufacturing of electric vehicles remains one of the most dynamically developing industries all over the globe. The issues of battery efficiency improvement by a suitable battery cell structure selection and battery control system enhancement are of the highest priority in the process of the battery design. Battery management systems (BMS) with modular structure have become the most popular as control systems in electric vehicle battery applications. The paper describes design principles of such type of BMS and necessary hardware.
BACKGROUND: The microclimate in the bus cabin is of great importance in terms of both safety and comfort. The main parameters of the microclimate are temperature, humidity, dustiness and gassiness of the air, air exchange, the temperature of the elements of the interior surfaces and thermal radiation.
AIMS: The article presents the results of calculating the heat loss in the air environment of the bus cabin using a mathematical model and experimental method.
METHODS: The influence of different features of vehicle interior and exterior topology on the heat losses through the doors was estimated. The estimation of heat losses was performed using the ANSYS Fluent software package. The final result is to obtain the heat loss characteristics as a time-domain function. A field experiment was carried out to verify the obtained results.
RESULTS: A set of numerical values and graphic characteristics giving an idea of the heat losses through the open doors of the bus cabin are presented.
CONCLUSIONS: Due to the developed calculation method of determining the heat losses of the air environment, numerical values and graphical characteristics of the amount and intensity of time-dependent heat losses were obtained. The obtained results were verified experimentally. The study showed that the simulation in ANSYS Fluent and the field experiment have a discrepancy due to high values of the time constant of temperature sensors. In order to obtain the most accurate results, it is necessary to carry out the experiment with a time interval greater than the time constant.
The bus is one of the most popular types of the road public transport and is much less dependent on the external infrastructure than the tram or the trolleybus. However, buses with conventional powertrains are the active sources of the environment pollution. Buses with hybrid powertrain are known to combine the independence of the motorbuses with a conventional internal combustion engine, a considerable reduction in the environmental pollution and the capability of the braking energy recuperation. This explains the increasing interest to the problems of their construction and development of effective control laws for their units and subsystems. Nowadays, these problems are solved by means of the mathematical simulation of the vehicle operation.
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