We performed transcriptome sequencing of canine retinal tissue by 454 GS-FLX and Ion Torrent PGM platforms. RNA-Seq analysis by CLC Genomics Workbench mapped expression of 10,360 genes. Gene ontology analysis of retinal transcriptome revealed abundance of transcripts known to be involved in vision associated processes. The de novo assembly of the sequences using CAP3 generated 29,683 contigs with mean length of 560.9 and N50 of 619 bases. Further analysis of contigs predicted 3,827 full-length cDNAs and 29,481 (99%) open reading frames (ORFs). In addition, 3,782 contigs were assigned to 316 KEGG pathways which included melanogenesis, phototransduction, and retinol metabolism with 33, 15, and 11 contigs, respectively. Among the identified microsatellites, dinucleotide repeats were 68.84%, followed by trinucleotides, tetranucleotides, pentanucleotides, and hexanucleotides in proportions of 25.76, 9.40, 2.52, and 0.96%, respectively. This study will serve as a valuable resource for understanding the biology and function of canine retina.
The progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is an inherited eye disease and characterized by progressive retinal degeneration which leads to impaired vision in dogs. Using targeted next generation sequencing of nine PRA cases and six controls, we have identified SNPs in PDC, PDE6A and PDE6B, which were not previously associated with PRA. The gene in which the highest mutations found was PDE6A (113 and 104 SNPs), followed by PDE6B, PDC and RHO in all dog breeds and Spitz-only respectively. Five SNPs identified in PDC gene of Spitz-only breed showed significant association with PRA. However, no pathogenetically relevant mutations were found in RHO gene for PRA. The SNP in PDE6B chr3: 91763017 (G/A) in Spitz-only breed, and PDE6A chr4: 5912574 (T/C) and PDC chr7: 19511750 (T/A) were associated with PRA in the breeds of dog studied. Our results show that PRA is genetically heterogeneous and is caused by multiple, distinct mutations.
Background and Aim: Literature comparing the use of isoflurane and sevoflurane inhalation anesthetic agents in birds is scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the comparison of isoflurane and sevoflurane during induction, maintenance, and recovery of anesthesia in avian patients. Materials and Methods: In this study, 24 injured avian patients (n=24) were selected randomly and divided into four groups during kite flying festival. In the present study, isoflurane and sevoflurane were used as induction and maintenance anesthetic agents, with and without butorphanol tartrate premedication agent in all the birds. Different physiological parameters were evaluated, namely, cloacal temperature (°F), heart rate (beats/min), respiratory rate (breaths/min), and SpO2 (%) were recorded at 0, 10, 20 min, and at recovery time. The quality of anesthesia was assessed on the basis of induction time, quality of induction, production of analgesia, muscle relaxation, body reflexes, recovery time, quality of recovery, sitting, standing, and complete recovery time (CRT). Results: The mean±standard error value of induction time was 230.00±32.55, 280.00±25.29, 180.00±21.90, and 260.00±36.87 s, respectively, in Groups I, II, III, and IV. The feather plucking, pharyngeal, and toe pinching reflexes were noticed, when the birds were passing through the light plane of anesthesia during induction. Comparison of cloacal temperature at the time of recovery between Group-I versus Group-III revealed a significant difference (p<0.05). Comparison of mean respiratory rates at the time of recovery between Group-II versus Group-IV revealed a significant difference (p<0.05). Excellent quality of recovery was observed in all the groups of anesthetic protocols. Sitting, standing, and CRT were observed shortest in avian patients maintained with sevoflurane as compared to isoflurane. Conclusion: The quality of induction of anesthesia was rapid in avian patients when induced with sevoflurane as compared to isoflurane. Rapid onset of induction and recovery of anesthesia were found with sevoflurane followed by isoflurane. Induction and maintenance of anesthesia in avian patients with sevoflurane resulted in the lowest time required for sitting, standing, and CRT.
Ocular setariasis is a common vision threatening ophthalmic condition in equine resulting from ectopic parasitism by Setaria digitata, Setaria equina and Thelazia lacrymalis. The disease occurs mostly in summer and autumn seasons and it displays signs of lacrimation, photophobia, corneal opacity, conjunctivitis and loss of vision. Close inspection of the eye reveals a moving worm in the anterior chamber of the eye. B-mode ultrasonography using linear probe (10-18 MHz) helps in the diagnosis in case of complete opacity. Six horses were represented for ocular setarial worms. The best treatment is the surgical removal of the parasite under regional/ general anaesthesia. Paracentesis of anterior chamber for removal of intraocular parasite through a modified clear corneal stab incision at the limbal margins using 2.8 mm pointed tip 45o angled keratome was found effective. The visual outcome in all eyes was good with restoration of normal vision. The present review/ communication is aimed at report etiology, diagnosis and management of ocular setariasis in equine species.
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