-Herbicides aminocyclopyrachlor and indaziflam are under development in Brazil. Information about the behaviors in Brazilian soils and climate is scarce. Thus, the present work has aimed to evaluate the persistence of biological activity and leaching potential of aminocyclopyrachlor and indaziflam in contrasting textured soils by means of bioassays. For the evaluation of persistence, four experiments were performed, in which soils with different textures were studied in different time periods between herbicide application and bioindicator sowing (beet and soybeans). To determine leaching potential, three blades of rainfall (0, 30 and 60 mm) were simulated, each constituting a single experiment in soils with different textures and five bands of depth in the columns. The bioindicator used for the leaching tests was beet. The persistence of biological activity of aminocyclopyrachlor and indaziflam was greater than 150 days. In clayey soil there was less persistent aminocyclopyrachlor than in the loam texture. For indaziflam there was no difference in persistence between the two soils. Regarding the leaching potential, it was observed that the precipitations have the capacity to interfere with the leaching of herbicides aminocyclopyrachlor and indaziflam. Aminocyclopyrachlor has greater potential for leaching than indaziflam. The first one has its mobility increased when applied to soil of loam texture in relation to very clayey soil. As for indaziflam, marked differences between soils with different textures have not been noticed.Keywords: residual activity, bioassay, organic matter. RESUMO -Os herbicidas aminocyclopyrachlor e indaziflam encontram-se em fase de desenvolvimento no Brasil. Informações a respeito do comportamento deles em condições edafoclimáticas brasileiras são escassas. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a persistência da atividade biológica e o potencial de lixiviação do aminocyclopyrachlor e indaziflam em solos de texturas contrastantes, por meio de bioensaios. Para avaliação da persistência foram realizados quatro experimentos, em que foram estudados solos com texturas distintas em diferentes períodos de tempo entre a aplicação dos herbicidas e a semeadura do bioindicador (beterraba e soja
This study evaluated leaf supply of zinc (Zn) and boron (B) using either soluble or sparingly soluble fertilizers in young sweet orange trees. Three experiments were set up in a greenhouse to compare two sources and four doses (control, low, adequate and high) of fertilizers as follows: (i) Experiment I (B): boric acid and calcium borate; (ii) Experiment II (Zn): Zn sulfate and Zn oxide; and (iii) Experiment III (B + Zn): boric acid + Zn Sulfate and Zn Borate. The sparingly soluble sources were effective in increasing the Zn and B leaf concentration. Dry matter of the aerial part increased 18 % with B applications in adequate concentration independent of the B fertilizer sources. In contrast, trees did not grow well with applications of adequate concentration of Zn as Zn Sulfate or high Zn concentration as Zn borate. Superoxide dismutase activity in leaves increased with applications of low concentration of Zn as Zn oxide and decreased with high concentration of Zn from either source. Polyphenol oxidase activity increased with application of adequate concentration of B as boric acid and high concentration of B as calcium borate. Furthermore, the upper concentrations of Zn were toxic in orange trees when the source was Zn sulfate. Increases in plant growth without damage to leaf tissue and positive responses of key enzymes of orange trees in a range of nutrient concentration applications demonstrated the practical use of sparingly soluble fertilizers to supplying B and Zn foliarily to plants.
Optimizing the use of N for food production is a major challenge in agricultural systems. The transformation of nitrogen (N) into crop production results from intricate pathways, depending on plants, as well environment and fertilization regimes, which affect the N use efficiency (NUE) of plants. In this context, lemon trees (Citrus limon) attain maximum harvest index at lower leaf N concentrations compared to sweet orange trees (Citrus sinensis), and the processes governing these plant responses are not well known. The aim of this study was to understand how the higher NUE in lemons trees is constructed based on growth and biomass partitioning evaluation as well as photochemical and biochemical characteristics of photosynthesis. To attain this goal we evaluated growth, photosynthesis and biochemical characteristics in lemon and sweet orange trees under two different N levels over fourteen months. We hypothesized that higher NUE in lemon trees is affected by plant capacity to grow with economy on nutrient resources. Furthermore, lemon trees could be more efficient in CO2 assimilation in non-limiting environmental conditions. We found that higher NUE in lemon trees was explained in part by the ability of trees to invest greater biomass in leaves instead of roots, even though this species exhibited lower relative recovery efficiency of N from the substrate than the sweet orange. We also found that lemon trees had higher relative growth rate than sweet oranges, despite net CO2 assimilation and dark respiration were similar between species. As a consequence, we suggested that lemons could exhibit a lower biomass construction cost than oranges. Because lemon presented lower N concentration than sweet orange trees, the former exhibited better photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE: 55─120 mmol CO2 g N−1 day−1) compared to the sweet orange (PNUE: 31─68 mmol CO2 g N−1 day−1). Lemon trees also exhibited a higher relative rate of electron transport per unit of chlorophyll (ETR/chlor: 350─850) compared to orange trees (ETR/chlor: 300–550) either at low or high N supply. These characteristics were likely associated with transport facilitation of CO2 to the catalytic sites of plants. In fact, improved growth of lemon trees results from an array of events explained mostly by increase in leaf area and associated low construction cost despite N supply.
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