Two swine feeding trials were conducted (initial body weight = 47 ± 2 and 41 ± 3 kg for Trials 1 and 2, respectively) to evaluate reduced crude protein (CP) and yucca (Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies) extract-supplemented diets on NH 3 emissions. In Trial 1, nine pigs were offered a corn-soybean meal diet (C, 174 g kg −1 CP), a Lys-supplemented diet (L, 170 g kg −1 CP), or a 145 g kg −1 CP diet supplemented with Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp (LMTT). In Trial 2, nine pigs were fed diet L supplemented with 0, 62.5, or 125 mg of yucca extract per kg diet. Each feeding period consisted of a 4-d dietary adjustment followed by 72 h of continuous NH 3 measurement. Urine and fecal samples were collected each period. Feeding the LMTT diet reduced (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F) compared to diet L. Fecal N concentration decreased with a reduction in dietary CP, but urinary ammonium increased from pigs fed diet LMTT (2.0 g kg −1 , wet basis) compared to those fed diet C (1.1 g kg −1 ) or L (1.0 g kg −1 ). When pigs were fed reduced CP diets NH 3 emission rates decreased (2.46, 2.16, and 1.05 mg min −1 for diets C, L, and LMTT). Yucca had no effect on feed intake, ADG, or G:F. Ammonium and N concentrations of manure and NH 3 emission rates did not differ with yucca content. Caution must be executed to maintain animal performance when strategies are implemented to reduce NH 3 emissions. ABSTRACTTwo swine feeding trials were conducted (initial body weight 5 47 6 2 and 41 6 3 kg for Trials 1 and 2, respectively) to evaluate reduced crude protein (CP) and yucca (Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies) extract-supplemented diets on NH 3 emissions. In Trial 1, nine pigs were offered a corn-soybean meal diet (C, 174 g kg 21 CP), a Lys-
Ammonia emitted from manure can have detrimental effects on health, environmental quality, and fertilizer value. The objective of this study was to measure the potential for reduction in ammonia volatilization from swine (Sus scrofa domestica) manure by temperature control, stirring, addition of nitrogen binder (Mohave yucca, Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies) or urease inhibitor [N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT)], segregation of urine from feces, and pH modification. Swine manure [total solids (TS) = 7.6-11.2%, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) = 3.3-6.2 g/L, ammonium nitrogen NH(+)(4)-N = 1.0-3.3 g/L] was stored for 24, 48, 72, or 96 h in 2-L polyvinyl chloride vessels. The manure was analyzed to determine pre- and post-storage concentrations of TS and volatile solids (VS), TKN, and NH(+)(4)-N. The concentration of accumulated ammonia N in the vessel headspace (HSAN), post-storage, was measured using grab sample tubes. Headspace NH(3) concentrations were reduced 99.3% by segregation of urine from feces (P < 0.0001). Stirring and NBPT (152 microL/L) increased HSAN concentration (119 and 140%, respectively). Headspace NH(3) concentration increased by 2.7 mg/m(3) for every 1 degree C increase in temperature over 35 degrees C. Slurry NH(+)(4)-N concentrations were reduced by segregation (78.3%) and acidification to pH 5.3 (9.4%), and increased with stirring (4.8%) and increasing temperature (0.06 g/L per 1 degree C increase in temperature over 35 degrees C). Temperature control, urine-feces segregation, and acidification of swine manure are strategies with potential to reduce or slow NH(+)(4)-N formation and NH(3) volatilization.
Ammonia released from swine manure into the air is becoming an increasingly controversial topic in Iowa. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of several management strategies to reduce ammonia volatilization from swine manure over time. In six benchtop trials using twenty-four 1-L manure storage vessels, treatments were applied to the vessels, and manure and air samples were analyzed for concentrations of ammonia and other forms of nitrogen. Segregated storage of urine and feces, keeping manure cool and still, addition of yucca extract, and acidification reduced ammonia volatilization.
and Implications Dietary strategies are an important part of management systems designed to reduce ammonia emitted from animal feeding operations. Two potential strategies (reducing dietary crude protein content and adding yucca extract to the diet) were evaluated in two swine feeding trials. Three groups of pigs were housed in environmental chambers in order to allow for direct measurement of ammonia emissions. Emission rates and excreta nitrogen and ammonium concentrations were analyzed. Feeding a diet with four amino acids resulted in large though nonsignificant reductions in ammonia emissions, and affected excreta nitrogen concentrations; increasing urinary ammonium-N while decreasing urinary and fecal total nitrogen and fecal ammonium-N. The only significant effect of dietary yucca was a decrease in urinary ammonium-N concentration. In both studies, ammonia emission rates increased over time as manure accumulated in the chamber pits.
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