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Coals ranging from lignite to high rank bituminous coal were extracted with N-methyl-2pyrrolidone (NMP), ethylenediamine (EDA), and NMP containing a small amount of EDA (e,N) under reflux conditions at atmospheric pressure. The extraction yield was maximum in the third case suggesting a synergistic effect of the system. The system was found to enhance the extraction yield in NMP. Stepwise successive extraction in NMP was also possible using this system. A possible explanation for the results obtained is given.

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A multi-province outbreak of listeriosis occurred in Canada from June to November 2008. Fifty-seven persons were infected with 1 of 3 similar outbreak strains defined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and 24 (42%) individuals died. Forty-one (72%) of 57 individuals were residents of long-term care facilities or hospital inpatients during their exposure period. Descriptive epidemiology, product traceback, and detection of the outbreak strains of Listeria monocytogenes in food samples and the plant environment confirmed delicatessen meat manufactured by one establishment and purchased primarily by institutions was the source of the outbreak. The food safety investigation identified a plant environment conducive to the introduction and proliferation of L. monocytogenes and persistently contaminated with Listeria spp. This outbreak demonstrated the need for improved listeriosis surveillance, strict control of L. monocytogenes in establishments producing ready-to-eat foods, and advice to vulnerable populations and institutions serving these populations regarding which high-risk foods to avoid.

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