Background and Aim: The present study evaluated hepatic oxidative stress and haematological parameters of Wistar rats following infusion of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) and treatment with extracts of raw and hydrothermal processed Monodora myristica (Gaertn.), Chromolaena odorata (Linn), Buccholzia coriacea (Engl.) and Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst ex A. Rich). Materials and Methods: Hydrothermal processing of the herbs was according to indigenous traditional methods. Quantitative compositions of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins of the herbal extracts were measured using standard methods. Fibrosis was induced in the rats by single dose intra-peritoneal (i.p) injection of CCl 4 in paraffin oil as vehicle {1:1 v/v; dose = 1.0 mL/kg body weight (b.wt.)} for 2 consecutive days. The rats received treatments (dose = 250 mg/kg b.wt.; i.p. of the herbal extracts and silymarin or otherwise 1.0 mL/kg b.wt.; i.p. of phosphate buffered saline solution, paraffin oil and CCl 4 /paraffin oil mixture) for 28 consecutive days. Liver homogenates were measured for malondialdehyde (MDA) content, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities as well as haematological parameters using spectrophotometric methods. Results: Hydrothermal processing of the raw herbs resulted in losses in their contents for all measured phytochemical classes except for saponins content. The administration of raw and hydrothermal processed herbal extracts reversed the changes in hepatic MDA contents, CAT and SOD activities as well as haematological parameters in the fibrotic rats. Conclusion: Hydrothermal processing of the raw herbs did not adversely affect their capacities to ameliorate hepatic oxidative stress and haematological disorders in the fibrotic rats.
Background and Aim: Herbal remedies offer another strategy for alleviation of co-existing liver and kidney pathologic conditions. Objective: The present study ascertained the functional integrity of hepatic and renal tissues, concurrently with blood lipid patterns, of Wistar rats infused with CCl 4 and treated with raw and hydrothermal processed herbs, namely, Monodora myristica, Chromolaena odorata, Buccholzia coriacea and Sphenostylis stenocarpa. Materials and Methods: Measurement of phytochemical contents of the herbs was according to standard methods. The rats were randomly designated on the basis of diets and treatments received for 28 consecutive days. Fibrosis was induced in the Wistar rats by single dose intra-peritoneal injection of CCl 4 for 2 consecutive days. Liver and kidney function tests and serum lipid profile were measured using spectrophotometric methods. Renal and hepatic tissues were subjected to histopathological examinations. Results: The concentrations of alkaloids in the four herbal extracts were within the range of 4.83 ± 0.03 -31.33 ± 0.29 mg/100 g sample, whereas the concentrations of saponins varied within a relatively narrow range: 0.33 ± 0.09 -4.33 ± 0.02 mg/100 g dry sample; p > 0.05. The activity ratios of AST to ALT of the rat groups were generally less than 1.0 unit. Atherogenic indices of fibrotic rats were within the following ranges: TAG/HDL-C ratio (3.59 ± 0.03 -6.76 ± 0.06), TC/HDL-C ratio (3.72 ± 0.02 -6.94 ± 0.05) and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (2.00 ± 0.01 -4.59 ± 0.02). Conclusion: Losses in phytochemical contents following hydrothermal processing of the herbs did not substantially affect their overall therapeutic scores against morphological and functional impairments of hepatic and renal tissues following CCl 4 intoxication of the rats.
This study aimed at investigating the changes in activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and alkaline protease of soil samples exposed to electromagnetic radiations (EMR) from mobile phone for the periods of 0, 30, 60 and 90 days. EMR-unexposed soil samples served as the source of control enzyme activities. The mean enzyme activities from the EMRexposed soil were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those from the unexposed samples. The overall percentage changes in enzymes activities of the EMR-unexposed and exposed soil samples for dehydrogenase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and alkaline protease relative to their respective starting values were 124.42 and -65.15%, 138.01 and -13.87%, 94.09 and 19.70%, 101.01 and -41.00%, and 162.55 and -21.71% respectively. The results show that EMR from mobile phones elicited significant negative impact on soil enzymes activities.
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