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A statistical analysis and computational algorithm for comparing pairs of tool marks via profilometry data is described. Empirical validation of the method is established through experiments based on tool marks made at selected fixed angles from 50 sequentially manufactured screwdriver tips. Results obtained from three different comparison scenarios are presented and are in agreement with experiential knowledge possessed by practicing examiners. Further comparisons between scores produced by the algorithm and visual assessments of the same tool mark pairs by professional tool mark examiners in a blind study in general show good agreement between the algorithm and human experts. In specific instances where the algorithm had difficulty in assessing a particular comparison pair, results obtained during the collaborative study with professional examiners suggest ways in which algorithm performance may be improved. It is concluded that the addition of contextual information when inputting data into the algorithm should result in better performance. ABSTRACT: A statistical analysis and computational algorithm for comparing pairs of tool marks via profilometry data is described. This analysis is superior to ad hoc comparisons based

Rheumatic diseases in women of childbearing years may necessitate drug treatment during a pregnancy, to control maternal disease activity and to ensure a successful pregnancy outcome. This survey is based on a consensus workshop of international experts discussing effects of anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and biological drugs during pregnancy and lactation. In addition, effects of these drugs on male and female fertility and possible long-term effects on infants exposed to drugs antenatally are discussed where data were available. Recommendations for drug treatment during pregnancy and lactation are given. Review Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs and reproduction

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Hydroxychloroquine treatment during gestation and lactation appeared to be safe. The relatively high incidence of preterm deliveries may reflect the maternal disease state.

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Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies are associated with neonatal lupus but are also considered a possible cause for unexplained pregnancy loss and adverse pregnancy outcome. In a large multicentres cohort study we have prospectively followed 100 anti-Ro/SSA positive women (53 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)) during their 122 pregnancies and 107 anti-Ro/SSA negative women (58 SLE) (140 pregnancies). Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies were tested by immunoblot and counterimunoelectrophoresis. Mean gestational age at delivery (38 vs 37.9 weeks), prevalence of pregnancy loss (9.9 vs 18.6%), preterm birth (21.3 vs 13.9%), cesarean sections (49.2 vs 53.4%), premature rupture of membranes (4.9 vs 8.1%), preeclampsia (6.6 vs 8%), intrauterine growth retardation (0 vs 2.3%)and newborns small for gestational age (11.5 vs 5.8%) were similar in anti-Ro/SSA positive and negative SLE mothers; findings were similar in non-SLE women. Two cases of congenital heart block were observed out of 100 anti-Ro/SSA positive women. In conclusion, anti-Ro/SSA antibodies are responsible for congenital heart block but do not affect other pregnancy outcomes, both in SLE and in non-SLE women. The general outcome of these pregnancies is now very good, ifprospectively followed by multidisciplinary teams with ample experience in this field.

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