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cost 0.2 % to 58.01 % of the average monthly salary of the patient. In 2014, the least affordable drugs for patients with COPD were drugs from the inhaled corticosteroids group: Flixotide nebules, Nebufluzone and Pulmicort, the cost of which varied from 19.86% to 58.01%, which can be afforded only by patients with incomes above the average. The most affordable drug is a short-acting β 2-agonist-salbutamol (Ca.s. 0.43-15.70%). ConClusions: Ukraine faces a rather difficult situation for patients with COPD. Drugs recommended by GOLD are presented insufficiently, and a large number of drugs available in the market are not readily available to patients.

The main aim of this systematic review was to analyse and compare the clinical efficacy and safety of metronidazole, vancomycin and fidaxomicin in the therapy of C. difficile infection. Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature using Bayesian mixed treatment comparison. Results: Nine studies were included in the mixed-treatment comparison. Our meta-analysis showed that clinical cure was more likely with fidaxomicin compared to vancomycin and metronidazole, however the differences were not significant. (odds ratios [95% CI]: fidaxomicin vs. vancomycin 1.19 [0.82-1.66]; vancomycin vs. metronidazole 1.69 [0.93-2.82] and fidaxomicin vs. metronidazole 2.00 [0.99-3.66]). Fidaxomicin therapy was significantly more efficacious than vancomycin and metronidazole in endpoints of recurrence (odds ratios [95% CI]: fidaxomicin vs. vancomycin 0.47 [0.33-0.65]; vancomycin vs. metronidazole 0.91 [0.44-1.69] and fidaxomicin vs. metronidazole 0.43 [0.19-0.85]) and sustained cure (odds ratios [95% CI]: fidaxomicin vs. vancomycin 1.77 [1.35-2.28]; vancomycin vs. metronidazole 1.49 [0.92-2.30]; and fidaxomicin vs. metronidazole 2.64 [1 .50-4.35]. There was no significant difference between fidaxomicin, vancomycin and metronidazole in safety endpoints. ConClusions: Fidaxomicin was the most efficacious therapeutic alternative in lowering the rate of recurrent C. difficile infections.objeCtives: C. difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic associated infectious nosocomial diarrhoea. A limited number of new pharmaceutical products have been developed and registered in past decades for the treatment of C. difficile infection.

The present paper is a comparative study of geochemical characteristics of the emissions of the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsky mud volcano and the sediment-hosted hydrothermal systems Salton Sea and Lusi. The comparative analysis was performed using the data on the content of Cl, Br, SO4, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, B, Ba, Sr, Si, oxygen-18 and deuterium in the discharged fluids, as well as on the content of CO2, C1-C5, carbon-13 in CO2 and CH4 in the released gases. It showed the absence of any distinct systematic differences in geochemical parameters between mud volcanoes and sediment-hosted hydrothermal systems. This suggests, inter alia, a need for a detailed geochemical classification of mud volcanoes, which to this day has not been elaborated.