Abstract:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of systematic beach volleyball training and competition on running economy (RE) and VO 2max of indoor volleyball players. Thus, the participants underwent two measurements. The first measurement (PRE) occurred before the players begin systematic beach volleyball training, just after the end of indoor volleyball season. The second measurement (POST) occurred after the final tournament of the beach volleyball season, twelve weeks after the first measurement. All of them underwent anthropometric measurements, body fat assessment and performed running on treadmill at speeds of 8, 10 and 12 km·h-1 for three minutes at each level. Parameters such as heart rate (HR), VO 2 in absolute and relative values, respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and minute ventilation (VE) were recorded. Moreover, VO 2max was also tested. Body mass and fat were significantly decreased after the beach volleyball period. HR decreased significantly (p<.01) at 8, 12 and 10 km·h -1 and VO 2 differ significantly, with a decrease in 8 (p<.05) 10 (p<.01) and 12 km·h -1 (p<.001) in both absolute (l·min -1 ) and relative (ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ) values, showing an improvement of RE. RER decreased significantly at the speeds of 10 (p<.05) and 12 km·h-1 (p<.01), whereas VE recorded a significant difference in 12 km·h -1 (p<.001). Additionally, the results indicate a significant increase in VO 2max (p<.01) both in absolute (l·min -1 ) and relative (ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ) values. Conclusively, it seems that systematic beach volleyball training leads to an improvement of RE and VO 2max of the amateur indoor volleyball players. These findings indicate that the improvements caused by beach volleyball training can be considerably effective in the performance of the athletes throughout the total duration of a volleyball game.
Introduction: Self-leadership is a psychological concept that display an impressive potential in the enhance of individual performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceived levels of use of self-leadership strategies by athletes and to explore the existence of potential individual differences in self-leadership strategies by athletes with and without physical disability. Material and methods: Participants were a sample of 469 athletes, 245 with physical disability and 224 without physical disability (n = 312 men, and n = 157 women). Participants’ ages were 16-51 years old (age 24.82±7.32 yrs). The subjects filled a validated Greek version of the Revised Self-leadership Questionnaire (RSLQ). Results: Results showed some positive self-leadership tendencies, and significant individual differences in the use of self-leadership strategies (self-reward p<0.001; ES=0.029, self-punishment p<0.01; ES=0.017, natural rewards p<0.001; ES=0.026, visualizing p<0.001; ES=0.023, and self-talk p<0.001; ES=0.032) between athletes with and without physical disability. Conclusions: In conclusion, the findings of the present study support that athletes with different physical abilities are not exactly alike in the self-leadership abilities. It is considered useful when a coach is concerned about their athletes’ self-leadership training.
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