This experiment investigated the mechanical properties of mild steel, galvanized iron and stainless steel when subjected to tensile and flexural loading. Work pieces of 54 samples were prepared having a gage length of 30 mm for material thicknesses of 1, 1.5 and 2 mm which was replicated three times. Properties such as peak force at break, elongation at break, stress, and strain of the materials were studied using a testometric M500-100AT Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The peak force obtained for mild steel was 2495.43, 4643.33 and 6215.67 N for 1, 1.5 and 2 mm respectively. The elongations of mild steel were 48.88, 54.77 and 56.11 mm for 1, 1.5, and 2 mm respectively. For stainless steel tensile strength analysis, the peak forces obtained are 9486.66, 9558.00 and 9522.33 N for 1, 1.5 and 2 mm respectively. The deformation of the material occurred at similar loads having stresses of 535.20, 583.51 and 486.88 N/mm2 for the thicknesses investigated. Similarly, the stress-strain relationship of the material ranged from 10131.20 N/mm2 to 12757.33 N/mm2 while the elongation amount of strain it can withstand before failure are 30.54, 38.64 and 47.74 mm. The bending strength for mild steel both at peak and at break increased as the thickness increases. Bending strength at peak are 364.50, 378.33 and 381.87 N/mm2 for 1, 1.5 and 2 mm respectively with 2 mm expectedly showing the greatest bending strength. Also, for stainless steel, the deflection of the different length of stainless steel at peak increased as the length increased unlike for mild steel with a reverse case. The deflection at break decreased as the length of the materials increases. The bending strength at peak and the bending modulus increased as the length of the material was increased, while at break the reverse was the output. From this investigation, it can be observed that stainless followed by mild steel have higher tensile and yield strength than galvanized iron. This explain the wide applications of stainless steel and mild steel in various crop processing machines constructions and other engineering uses that require high strength.
An anaerobic digester was used to generate biogas using poultry droppings and banana (Musa paradisiacal) peels. The digester was tested twice with a retention period of 35 days. The first test (control) was carried out with poultry droppings and water as the feedstock using a ratio of 1:2 kg. The second test was carried out using poultry droppings, water and banana (Musa paradisiacal) peels as the feedstock using a ratio of 1: 2: 3 kg. The temperature of the slurry in the bio-digester was monitored and recorded three times daily. The ambient temperature measured during the first stage of the study was between 21–34°C while the slurry temperature was between 21 and 39.3°C. For the second stage of the study, the ambient temperature measured was between 21 and 32°C while the temperature of slurry measured was between 19.8 and 38°C. Higher ambient temperatures during the first test were responsible for the slurry temperature. The total volume of biogas produced during digestion for the first test was 83.38 litres while 121.3 litres was generated during the second test. The study shows that the biogas yield of the anaerobic digester was increased when poultry droppings were mixed with banana (Musa paradisiacal) peels. Banana peels aided the digestion of poultry droppings in the digester.
Wastewater treatment necessitates the use of an appropriate method to achieve satisfactory results. The conventional method of Alum addition has been widely used for years, but it is prohibitively expensive. This study uses Moringa oleifera, an inexpensive and readily available plant, as a natural coagulant to treat wastewater collected from university dormitories. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) were examined based on appropriate standards. Wastewater treatment with varied coagulant dosages of 50, 100, and 150 mg.L-1) was monitored using a standard jar test device with an initial wastewater perturbation at 100 rpm for 5 min was reduced to 50 rpm in 10 minutes with a rest time of 30 min. The results showed that the quality of the physicochemical properties of the water improved. The percentage increase in the water quality is; BOD (92%), COD (92%), and TDS (52-64%), with an increase in Moringa coagulant achieving a reduction of 96% of Turbidity. While the DO improved (79%), the pH remained below acceptable limits (6.73-7.56) for effluent disposal. The treated water showed clarity (colorless) and no odor compared to the wastewater. Hence, Moringa oleifera seeds cake residue can be an effective coagulant for wastewater treatment.
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