Background: Stunting and wasting are a growth disorder in children under five years of age caused by malnutrition. Stunting is generally caused by recurrent acute malnutrition, whereas wasting occurs due to short-term malnutrition. If untreated properly, stunting and wasting may cause low intelligence in adult life. This study aimed to analyze the biopsychosocial determinants of stunting and wasting in children aged 12-48 months. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a case-control design. The study was conducted at Mulya Asri, Panaragan, and Dayamurni community health centers, from January to February 2018. A sample of 150 children under-five was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variables were stunting and wasting. The independent variables were birthweight, maternal knowledge, maternal education, maternal nutritional status (midupper arm circumference/ MUAC), exclusive breastfeeding, upper respiratory tract infection, diarrhea, lack of clean water, poor sanitation. The data were collected by questionnaire and maternal and child health monitoring book. The data were analyzed by a logistic regression. Results: The risk of stunting increased with poor maternal knowledge (OR= 5.29; 95% CI= 1.30 to 21.54; p=0.002), low maternal education (OR=10.25; 95%CI= 2.26 to 46.79; p=0.003), poor maternal nutritional status (OR= 8.87; 95% CI= 2.14 to 36.74; p=0.003), low birthweight rendah (OR= 9.86; 95% CI= 2.60 to 37.47; p=0.001), infants receiveing no exclusive breastfeeding (OR= 5.70; 95% CI= 1.59 to 20.46; p=0.008). The risk of wasting increased with poor knowledge (OR= 10.95; 95% CI= 2.14 to 56.91; p= 0.004), low family income (OR= 7.04; 95% CI= 5.51 to 32.78; p=0.013), low birthweight (OR= 14.71; 95% CI= 2.74 to 79.06; p=0.002), URTI history (OR= 4.87; 95% CI= 1.23 to 19.38; p=0.024), diarrhea (OR= 6.09; 95% CI= 1.42 to 26.20; p=0.015), a lack of clean water (OR= 9.78; 95% CI= 2.26 to 42.36; p=0.002), and poor sanitation (OR= 7.67; 95% CI= 1.85 to 31.75; p=0.004). Conclusion: Stunting and wasting are affected by birthweight, URTI history, diarrhea, maternal nutritional status, maternal knowledge, maternal education, family income, lack of clean water, and poor sanitation.
Background: Anemia in pregnancy remains a major public health issue in developing countries. Studies in Indonesia examining the effects of socio-demographic factors, dietary pattern, and cultural belief on the risk of anemia in pregnancy are lacking. This study aimed to examinethe effects of socio-demographic factors, dietary pattern, and cultural belief on the risk of anemia in pregnancy. Subjects and Method: An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted in 5 community health centers in Karanganyar, Central Java, from February to March 2018.A total of 200 trimester I, II, and III pregnant mothers was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling, consisting of 50 mothers with anemia and 150 mothers without anemia. The dependent variable was anemia during pregnancy. The independent variables were nutrition intake, dietary pattern, consumption of iron tablet, family income, parity, family size, antenatal care visit, and cultural belief. The data were collected by questionnaire. The anemia status was obtained from medical record. The data were analyzed by path analysis performed on Stata 13. Results: The risk of anemia during pregnancy directly decreased with better nutrition intake (b= -1.02; 95% CI= -1.73 to -0.31; p= 0.005) and regular consumption of iron tablet (b= -0.79; 95% CI= 1.48 to -0.10; p= 0.024). The risk of anemia during pregnancy was indirectly affected by better dietary pattern, higher family income, larger family size, cultural belief, parity, higher education, and antenatal care visit. Conclusion: Good nutrition intake and regular consumption of iron tablet decreased the risk of anemia during pregnancy. Dietary pattern, family income, family size, cultural belief, parity, and maternal education have indirect effects on the risk of anemia during pregnancy.
Background: Childhood speech and language development is considered an important predictor of their future achievement. This study aimed to analyze the effect of parenting style, bilingual school, social environment, on speech and language development in preschool children in Surakarta, Central Java. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic and observational study with a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at 25 preschools in Surakarta, Central Java, from February March 2018. A sample of 200 preschool children was selected by simple random sampling from 25 preschools selected by stratified random sampling. The dependent variable was speech and language develop-ment. The independent variables were sex, nutritional status, parental education, parenting style, family income, bilingual school, and social environment. The data of speech and language development were measured by pre-screening development questionnaire. Other variables were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multilevel logistic regression using Stata 13. Results: Speech and language development increased with age (b= 2.03; 95% CI= 0.38 to 3.68; p= 0.016), nutritional status (b= 2.44; 95% CI= 0.38 to 4.08; p= 0.003), maternal education (b= 1.50; 95% CI= 0.14 to 2.86; p= 0.031), democratic parenting style (b= 2.76; 95% CI= 1.16 to 4.08; p<0.001), family income (b= 1.69; 95% CI= 0.15 to 3.23; p= 0.031), bilingual school(b= -4.46; CI= -6.53 to -2.39; p= 0.001), and social environment (b= 1.80; 95% CI= 0.10 to 3.50; p= 0.038). Intraclass correlation= 28.06% indicating considerable contextual effect of preschool. Conclusion: Speech and language development increases with age, nutritional status, maternal education, parenting style, family income, bilingual school, and social environment.
Background: Studies have shown that stunted children are more likely to start school later, perform more poorly on cognitive functioning tests, and are more likely to drop out of school. In future, adults who are stunted as children earn 20% less than comparable adults who were not stunted and are 30% more likely to live in poverty and less likely to work in skilled labor. This study aimed to examine the life-course biopsychosocial determinantsof stunting in children under five years of agein Karawang, West Java, using a path analysis model. Subjects and Method: This was a case control study carried out inTunggakjati, Rengasdengklok, Kutawaluya, Pedes, and Medangasem community health centers, Karawang, West Java, from April to May 2018. A sample of 225 children under five was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling, consisting of 75 stunted children and 150 normal children. The dependent variable was stunting. The independent variables were maternal height, maternal middle upper arm circumference (MUAC), low birthweight (LBW), history of infection illness, maternal education, exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding, and family support. Child height was measured by infantometer or microtoice. The other variables were measured by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis run on Stata 13. Results: Stunting increased with LBW (b=1.64; 95% CI=0.69 to 2.59; p=0.001) and history of infection illness (b=1.80; 95% CI=0.94 to 2.67; p<0.001). Stunting decreased with maternal height ≥150 cm (b=-1.57; 95% CI=-2.43 to -0.71; p<0.001) and appropriate complementary feeding (b=-1.80; 95% CI=-2.53 to -1.08; p<0.001). Stunting was indirectly affected by maternal MUAC, maternal education, exclusive breastfeeding, and family support. Conclusion: Stunting increases with LBW and history of infection illness, but decreases with maternal height ≥150 cm and appropriate complementary feeding. Stunting is indirectly affected by maternal MUAC, maternal education, exclusive breastfeeding, and family support.
Background: Despite global efforts, stunting remains a public health problem in several developing countries. It is estimated that globally in 2016, 24% of children under age five were still stunted. Stunting during childhood can lead to reduced immunity, increased susceptibility to non-communicable diseases, impaired physical and mental development, and reduced productivity. This study aimed to analyze factors associated with stunting in children under five in Karawang, West Java. Subjects and Method: A case control study was conducted in 5 community health centers in Karawang, West Java, from April to May 2018. A sample 225 children under five consisting of 75 stunted children and 150 normal children was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was stunting. The independent variables were maternal height, low birthweight, exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding, and history of infectious disease. Data on children body height were measured by infantometer or microtoise. The other data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: The risk of stunting increased with low birthweight (OR= 4.61; 95% CI= 1.73 to 12.24; p<0.001) and history of infectious illness (OR= 4.77; 95% CI= 1.95 to 11.69; p= 0.001). The risk of stunting reduced with maternal height ≥150 cm(OR= 0.20; 95% CI= 0.08 to 0.49; p<0.001), exclusive breastfeeding (OR= 0.39; 95% CI= 0.17 to 0.88; p= 0.024), and appropriate complementary feeding (OR= 0.24; 95% CI= 0.11 to 0.54; p= 0.001). Conclusion:The risk of stunting increases with low birthweight and history of infectious illness, but reduces with maternal height ≥150 cm, exclusive breastfeeding, and appropriate complementary feeding.
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