The role of engineering education has gained prominence within the context of STEM education. New educational perspectives such as the National Research Council’s Framework for K-12 Science Education consider engineering practices one of the central pillars of a sound STEM education. While this idea of developing a set of practices analogous to those of professional engineering resonates with recent views of STEM education research, current approaches such as the NRC’s Framework seem too dependent on and interlinked with the list for scientific practices and adheres to this list too strictly. This paper draws on the NRC’s Framework proposing a new set of engineering practices that seek to incorporate the epistemic nuances that differentiate engineering from science. The nine engineering practices proposed contain epistemological nuances that are missing in other proposals, including essential aspects such as problem scoping, identifying multiple solutions, selecting, testing and improving solutions and materializing solutions. This epistemic approach may facilitate students’ content learning and thinking development, offering a more comprehensive and realistic view of the STEM fields.

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El pensament computacional està guanyant cada vegada més rellevància en el món educatiu. Més enllà de l'interès que pot tenir desenvolupar aquesta forma de pensar i resoldre problemes en un context cada cop més informatitzat, el desenvolupament del pensament computacional pot recolzar l'aprenentatge de totes les disciplines que conformen l'STEAM (Science, Technolgoy, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics). El present article, realitzat en el marc del projecte PECOFIM (Pensament Computacional en la Formació Inicial de Mestres), ofereix un breu resum de les definicions existents a la literatura sobre pensament computacional, proposant uns indicadors que poden ajudar a identificar-lo i promoure'l a l'escola. Alhora, es presenten exemples reals per tal de treballar el pensament computacional a les etapes d'educació infantil i primària, utilitzant-se els indicadors proposats per tal d'analitzar-les.

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This article investigates traditional and modern adhesives used to consolidate distemper paintings on canvas, with special reference to sixteenth century Hispano-tüchlein paintings, also called sargas. Such artworks are not only difficult to handle due to their large size, but they are also inherently fragile and/or are highly hygroscopic. This sensitivity is caused in part by the nature of the painting technique as well as the lack of varnish, which might account for why conservation methods related to these works have not been addressed in the past. This investigation was conducted on historical reconstructions samples to assess and develop treatment strategies for distemper paintings, in particular issues linked to powdery/friable matte paint layers. The impact of several adhesives on the painted surface of historical reconstructions was evaluated before and after the samples were subjected to humidity cycling tests using a range of analytical techniques. Such information can be used to aid conservators who face consolidation issues related to underbound paintings or artworks with similar surfaces. The results reveal that there is no one perfect adhesive for matte paint nor one that can be removed completely, once applied. Aquazol® 200 and Funori performed the best, but still introduced changes in colour and gloss, even if minimal.