Shake-flask in vitro culture of Buddleja cordata cells produces large amounts of biomass and synthetizes verbascoside (VB), linarin and hydroxycinnamic acids, bioactive phenolic secondary metabolites (PSMs). In this work, we determined the effect of stirring speed on the growth of and production of PSMs [total phenolic, phenylethanoid glycoside and flavonoid contents (PeC, PeGC and FC, respectively)] by B. cordata cells cultured in two bioreactors. Two different stirring speeds (120 and 400 rpm) were tested in two stirred-tank bioreactors: a 2 L bioreactor equipped with a ring diffuser (B2RD) and a 3 L bioreactor with a sintered diffuser (B3SD). Growth kinetics of B. cordata cells were measured in the bioreactors and shake-flask systems. The stirring speed and type of bioreactor affected phases, parameters of growth and production of PSMs. The highest production of biomass (13.62 g L −1) and PSMs [PeC of 64.63 mg gallic acid equivalents g −1 (mg GAE g −1); PeGC of 119.24 mg VB equivalents g −1 (mg VBE g −1); and FC of 5.02 mg quercetin equivalents g −1 (mg QE g −1)] occurred in B2RD at 400 rpm. These values were similar to the found in shake-flasks system. This work establishes the basis for bioprocess advances of B. cordata focused on the development of a sustainable strategy for the management of natural resources and as a source of bioactive PSMs on a large scale. Key message Buddleja cordata cells cultured in a mechanically agitated bioreactor possess an outstanding biosynthetic potential that represents a suitable biotechnological alternative for the production of bioactive phenolic secondary metabolites. Keywords Bioreactor • Buddleja cordata • Phenolic secondary metabolites • Diffuser • Stirring speed • Verbascoside Abbreviations µ Specific growth rate ANOVA Analysis of variance B2RD 2 L Bioreactor equipped with a ring diffuser B3SD 3 L Bioreactor equipped with a sintered diffuser CSCBc Cell suspension culture of B. cordata CV Cellular viability Communicated by Sergio J. Ochatt.

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Arnica montana cell suspension culture could be a sustainable source of a vegetal material producer of secondary metabolites (SMs) possessing biological effects. Different plant growth regulator concentrations (0–5 mg/L) were tested in foliar explants to induce a callus that was used to establish a cell suspension culture. Growth kinetics was carried out for 30 days. A methanolic extract obtained from biomass harvested at 30 days of growth kinetics was fractionated, and three fractions were tested for bioactivities. We induced a callus with 1 mg/L of picloram and 0.5 mg/L of kinetin in foliar explants, which allowed for the establishment of a cell suspension culture, and the latter had the highest total SMs contents at day 30. Three fractions showed differences in total SMs contents, with the highest values per gram as follows: 270 mg gallic acid equivalent for total phenolic content, 200 mg quercetin equivalent for total flavonoid content, 83 mg verbascoside equivalent for total phenolic acid content, and 396 mg parthenolide equivalent for total sesquiterpene lactone content. The best bioactivities were 2–6 µg/mL for the 50% inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, 30% cellular viability of lymphoma cells at 40 µg/mL, 17% inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at 8 µg/disk, and α-amylase inhibition at 12% with 10 µg/mL. The total SMs contents were correlated with bioactivities.

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Los bosques de oyamel (Abies religiosa) del centro de México han estado sometidos a fuertes presiones humanas y la información sobre su riqueza y la afinidad geográfica de su flora en algunas regiones ha sido poco estudiada. Mediante recorridos de campo y colectas de ejemplares botánicos, se determinó la composición florística y los patrones de distribución geográfica actual de las familias, géneros y especies de un bosque de oyamel localizado en la Faja Volcánica Transmexicana. Se obtuvo una lista de 94 especies agrupadas en 74 géneros y 42 familias. El 67 % de la flora se concentra en 13 familias de las que Asteraceae destaca por contener el mayor número de especies (24,5 %) y géneros (22 %). La similitud florística entre la zona de estudio y bosques vecinos se incrementa con la cercanía geográfica. El 60 % de las familias son de amplia distribución y cerca del 50 % de los géneros son americanos distribuidos principalmente de México a Centroamérica. El 95,8 % de las especies son exclusivas de América, de las cuales el 44,2 % se encuentran solo en los límites de México y 36,8 % se distribuyen de México a Centroamérica. Entre las especies arbóreas predominan los elementos distribuidos de México a Centroamérica (61,4 %), mientras que entre los arbustos y hierbas sobresalen las especies endémicas de México (60 % y 43,6 %, respectivamente). La alta proporción de especies endémicas de la zona analizada demandan monitoreo continuo que garantice la generación de nuevas alternativas para su conservación.

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