Le quinoa est cultivé depuis des millénaires dans les Andes depuis sa domestication sur les bords du lac Titicaca, entre le Pérou et la Bolivie. Culture rustique des hauts plateaux andins, il a conquis le marché international depuis une trentaine d’années. Aujourd’hui, le Pérou est le premier producteur mondial et la majorité de sa production est exportée. Produit localement par des petits paysans et consommé à l’échelle globale, le quinoa reflète bien le contexte de la mondialisation de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation. La crise de la Covid-19 a aussi touché le Pérou et interroge les acteurs sur la robustesse et la résilience des filières d’exportations. Cet article d’opinion repose sur des débats organisés en mai–juin 2020 au Pérou. Après avoir rappelé le contexte général de la culture du quinoa et du lien entre la Covid-19, l’agriculture et la biodiversité, nous soulignons les liens entre crise sanitaire, crise agricole et crise alimentaire. Cette pandémie mondiale offre l’opportunité de questionner les modèles agricoles actuels afin d’en tirer des leçons pour le futur. La projection de nouvelles solidarités autour d’une marque collective est porteuse d’un projet territorial transnational à l’échelle des Andes. Accompagner les acteurs pour en faire un modèle de développement inclusif requiert des outils participatifs adaptés.
The rural population in Argentina is only 8.9% (CNA 2010). There are more men than women(45%) due to a greater proportion in migration from the rural areas. Female migration is linked tothe decrease in the total number of farms in the last 30 years and the disadvantaged situation ofwomen, especially the poorest ones. For women is more difficult to find a job in rural areas, evenwith a higher level of education than men. The division of labor in rural households remains rigid;women continue to be the main responsible for food security and they face difficulties inaccessing health services. Finally, women's work is underreported in rural in population census.It is necessary to modify the census ́ questionary to better cover gender issues.
More accurate nutrient balances are a key tool for keeping soils healthy and land use sustainable. In Argentina, though, they evolved towards a "black box" simplified concept with two main components: input of nutrients through mineral fertilization and output via grain harvest. However, this simplification underestimates nutrients' extraction through grazing, biomass harvesting, residues, and losses during grains' storage and transport. The study proposes an extended nutrient balance equation, and estimates the proportion of N, P, K and S extracted from soils in these unaccounted factors for 12 grain crops in the period 2009-2019. Compared with previous studies, estimated extraction rates are at least 46% higher for N; 25% for P and 176% for K for the five main crops. Grain production figures showed to be good indicators of extracted nutrients in oilseeds but not in cereals, mainly due to an increased proportion destined for cattle in feed-lots. The amounts of potentially recyclable nutrients contained in secondary storage losses and residues represent 8% of the total N and 43% of the total K2O applied per year for all crops in Argentina. A circular economy approach to grain cleaning and storage operations could show ways to recover and recycle these residues and losses, and constitute a promising strategy for developing more resilient and productive soils.
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