The pollination process and breeding system of the sympatric Habenaria johannensis, H. macronectar, H. megapotamensis and H. montevidensis was documented for native populations from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. All species investigated offer a nectar reward (mean values of total sugars ranging from 18 to 26%) concealed in a spur. Habenaria montevidensis is pollinated by butterflies (Hesperiidae, especially of the genus Urbanus) that carry pollinaria on their eyes; the other three species are pollinated by Sphingidae. Habenaria johannensis is pollinated by the moths Manduca rustica and M. sexta that carry the pollinaria at the base of the proboscis. Habenaria macronectar is pollinated by the moths Eumorpha labrusca and M. cf. lucetius, and these bear pollinaria between the palpi. Habenaria megapotamensis is pollinated by moths of M. cf. lucetius that bear the pollinaria on the proboscis. All species studied are self‐compatible, but pollinator dependent. They also displayed high reproductive success (ranging from 69.48 to 97.40%) and male efficiency factors slightly higher than 1, suggesting that at least one flower was pollinated for each flower acting as pollen donor. At the study sites, the investigated Habenaria spp. are isolated (in terms of pollination) by a set of factors that includes differing floral morphologies, different pollinators and/or different pollinarium placement on the pollinator. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, ••, ••–••.

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As a step towards a revision of the sectional classification of Neotropical species of Habenaria, we focus here on section Pentadactylae. In its current delimitation, this is the largest of the 14 New World sections and embraces a group of 34 morphologically heterogeneous species. We expanded the sampling of Neotropical species currently placed in this section and performed Bayesian, maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses using nucleotide sequences from one nuclear (internal transcribed spacer, ITS) and three plastid (matK, trnK intron, rps16-trnK) DNA regions. In addition, morphological features of these species were reassessed. Based on our analyses, we propose that Habenaria section Pentadactylae should be recircumscribed to include only seven species: H. pentadactyla (the type species of the section), H. dutrae, H. ekmaniana, H. exaltata, H. henscheniana, H. megapotamensis and H. montevidensis. Thirty-two species previously assigned to the section grouped within unrelated clades and are therefore excluded from the section. There are no unambiguous morphological synapomorphies for the section, but the group can be confidently recircumscribed and identified on the basis of a combination of diagnostic morphological vegetative and floral characters. Morphological floral features in Habenaria montevidensis are distinct from those of other species in the section, probably as a result of a shift to diurnal pollinators. Following a taxonomic revision of the group, H. crassipes is placed under the synonymy of H. exaltata and neotypes are designated for H. crassipes, H. montevidensis and H. recta (= H. ekmaniana). All species in the section live in marshes or wet grasslands from northern Argentina to central Brazil; most species are concentrated in southern Brazil. Most species are probably rare, and five may be threatened according to the World Conservation Union (IUCN) criteria.

Epiphytes are hyper‐diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non‐vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer‐reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non‐vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non‐vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events.

Chloraea membrancea is pollinated by deceit. Together, self-compatibility, pollinarium texture, pollinator abundance and behaviour may account for the observed high fruiting success. It is suggested that a reappraisal and re-analysis of important flower features in Chloraeinae orchids is necessary.

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A taxonomic synopsis of Brazilian Chloraeinae (Orchidaceae) is presented. Artificial keys to separate the genera and species are included. Vegetative and floral features of all species are described and illustrated with drawings and photographs, and data on their distribution, phenology and ecology are presented. Two lectotypes and one neotype are proposed. The presence of Bipinnula biplumata, B. montana, B. penicillata and Chloraea membranacea in Brazil is confirmed, and Bipinnula gibertii is reported for the first time from this country.