The identification of physiological loads imposed by soccer training or match play reveals essential information, which may help improve training and recovery strategies. Until today, the use of heart rate (HR) monitoring is not standardized in soccer. Thus, the aim of this review was to analyze, determine and compare the exercise intensity (EI) monitored by HR in professional, youth, and recreational soccer players during matches and training sessions using a meta-analysis. Heart rate is one of the most common physiological variables used to determine exercise internal training load. The mean EI recorded during competitive matches was described as 70-80% of VO2max or 80-90% of maximal heart rate (HRmax), independent of the playing level. With respect to HR training zones, approximately 65% of the total match duration is spent at intensity of 70-90% HRmax and rarely below 65% HRmax. However, although HRmax is mostly employed in the literature, monitoring EI should be expressed in relation to reserve heart rate, as it was described as a more reliable indicator of HR, allowing interindividual comparisons. The HR response according to the playing position indicates that midfielders are characterized by the highest EI, followed by forwards and fullbacks. Moreover, in the second half of the match, the EI is lower than that observed during the first half; this reduction could be correlated with the level of the player's physical conditioning. Consequently, coaches may favor the use of interval training or small-sided training games because these are shown to improve both aerobic capacity and the ability to repeat high-intensity actions. Small-sided games allow reaching similar HR responses to those found during interval training and match play but with greater heterogeneity values. Future investigations should include a larger sample of players with special reference to playing position and the expression of EI in percentage of the reserve heart rate, analyzing the possible intergender differences in HR response.

Research into obtaining a fast, valid, reliable and non-invasive measure of core temperature is of interest in many disciplinary fields. Occupational and sports medicine research has attempted to determine a non-invasive proxy for core temperature particularly when access to participants is limited and thermal safety is of a concern due to protective encapsulating clothing, hot ambient environments and/or high endogenous heat production during athletic competition. This investigation aimed to determine the validity of inner canthus of the eye temperature (T) as an alternate non-invasive measure of intestinal core temperature (T) during rest, exercise and post-exercise conditions. Twelve physically active males rested for 30min prior to exercise, performed 60min of aerobic exercise at 60% V̇O and passively recovered a further 60min post-exercise. T and T were measured at 5min intervals during each condition. Mean differences between T and T were 0.61°C during pre-exercise, -1.78°C during exercise and -1.00°C during post-exercise. The reliability between the methods was low in the pre-exercise (ICC=0.49 [-0.09 to 0.82]), exercise (ICC=-0.14 [-0.65 to 0.44]) and post-exercise (ICC=-0.25 [-0.70 to 0.35]) conditions. In conclusion, poor agreement was observed between the T values measured through IRT and T measured through a gastrointestinal telemetry pill. Therefore, T is not a valid substitute measurement to gastrointestinal telemetry pill in sports and exercise science settings.

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A vantagem em jogar em casa (VC) vem sendo um importante objeto de estudo no futebol mundial. Vários pesquisadores procuram quantificar essa vantagem no futebol internacional, porém quando se trata de futebol brasileiro, poucos estudos se dedicaram à pesquisa nessa área. Devido a isso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a VC no Campeonato Brasileiro das Séries A e B. Foram analisadas todas as partidas nas condições de vitórias, empates e derrotas em casa, das temporadas 2003 a 2009, tanto na série A quanto na série B. Para quantificar a VC, foi utilizada a metodologia de aproveitamento percentual de pontos, proposto por POLLARD (1986). Foi encontrada uma VC maior na Série B (69 ± 2,3%) em relação à Série A (65 ± 2,3) (p < 0,05). Pôde-se concluir que, na Série B do Campeonato Brasileiro, o fator "jogar em casa" exerce maior vantagem em relação à Série A Brasileira nas temporadas analisadas.

Article linked to the research: Prevalência de Síndrome metabólica em idosos de comunidades urbana e rural participantes do programa HIPERDIA do município de Coimbra/MG, Brasil. Conflicts of interest: none.Received date: March 25, 2014. Original articleMetabolic syndrome prevalence in elderly of urban and rural communities participants in the HIPERDIA in the city of Coimbra/MG, Brazil Objective. To identify the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS), and the influence of gender and place of residence for elders served by the Family Health Strategy in the municipality of Coimbra (Minas Gerais state, Brazil). Methodology. The sample consisted of 435 individuals of both sexes, with mean of age 72 ± 8 years. Results. Women had higher prevalence rates of MS (urban= 40%, rural= 37%) with differences (p<0.05, φ= 0.168 and 0.284) for men (urban= 13%, rural= 22%). Odds Ratio for SM was significant in age groups over 65 years in urban areas, with women having higher chances compared with men (OR=3.07 times), becoming 5.8 times aged 75 to 79 years. Women are more exposed to obesity (urban= 80.4 %, rural= 78.6%) than men, regardless of place of residence (p<0.05, φ=0.46 and 0.47 respectively), and the urban women are still exposed to hypertension (65%, p= 0.022, φ= 0.12). Conclusion. The prevalence of MS and exposure to risk factors such as obesity and hypertension was higher in women, mainly in urban areas. Health professionals, like nurses, should note that the elderly population in urban areas have greater exposure to risk factors for MS, which should strengthen educational programs that promote healthy lifestyles.Key words: metabolic syndrome X; cross-sectional studies; rural health; urban health; aged; life style. Prevalencia de síndrome metabólico em ancianos de comunidades urbanas y rurales participantes de HIPERDIA del município de Coimbra/MG, BrasilObjetivo. Identificar la prevalencia de Síndrome Metabólico (SM), la influencia del sexo y zona de residencia en ancianos atendidos 326 • Invest Educ Enferm. 2015;33(2) por la Estrategia de Salud Familiar en el municipio de Coimbra (Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil). Metodología. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 435 individuos de ambos sexos, con un promedio de edad de 72 años. Resultados. Las mujeres tuvieron mayores tasas de prevalencia de SM en ambas zonas (urbana=40%; rural=37%) con relación a los hombres (urbana=13%; rural=22%). La razón de prevalencias para SM fue significativa en las personas mayores de 65 años de la zona urbana; las mujeres presentaron los mayores riesgos en relación con los hombres (Razón de prevalencias -RP-=3.1), llegando a ser la RP de 5.8 veces en el grupo de 75 a 79 años. En cuanto a los factores de riesgo, las mujeres, en ambas zonas, estuvieron más expuestas que los hombres a la obesidad (urbana=80.4%; rural=78.6%) y a la hipertensión arterial (urbana=78.6%; rural=65.1%). Conclusión. La prevalencia de SM y la exposición a factores de riesgo como la obesidad y la hipertensión fue mayor en las mujeres, principalmente en la zona urbana. Enferme...

RESUMO | O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a validade preditiva das equações de referência para predição da força de preensão manual (FPM) em homens brasileiros de meia idade e idosos. Foram avaliados 60 homens com idade de 58, 7±8, 6 anos (50-84 anos), estatura 168, 7±8, 0 cm, massa corporal 67,9±13, 0 kg e índice de massa corporal 23, 7±4, 0 kg/m 2 , utilizando equipamento 'padrão-ouro' na avaliação da FPM e seguindo todas as recomendações metodológicas preconizadas pela American Society of Hand Therapists (ASHT). Os resultados do diagrama de Bland-Altman para mão dominante (MD) apresentam um erro médio (viés) de -8, 4% (IC95% -51, 6-34, 7). Já o diagrama de Bland-Altman para mão não dominante (MND) apresenta um erro médio (viés) de 1, 4% (IC95% -47, 1-49,8). O cálculo de Cronbach's alpha para a MD foi de 0, 69 e 0,59 para MND. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse para MD foi 0,52 (IC95% 31-68) e de 0, 42 (IC95% 20-60) para a MND. Concluímos que as equações para predição analisadas neste estudo, para uma população de homens brasileiros de meia idade e idosos, apresentou baixa validade preditiva, o que pode gerar erros de interpretação dos resultados.Descritores | estudos de validação; força da mão; medidas; dinamômetro de força muscular.ABSTRACT | The objective of this study was to verify the predictive validity of reference equations for hand grip strength (HGS) in middle-aged and elderly Brazilian men. We evaluated 60 men with age of 58.7±8.6 years, height 168.7±8.0 cm, body mass 67.9±13.0 kg, and body mass index 23.7±4.0 kg/m 2 , utilizing the gold standard equipment for evaluation of HGS and following all methodological recommendations of the American Society of Hand Therapists (ASTH). The results of the BlandAltman diagram for the dominant hand (DH) had a mean error (bias) of -8.4% (95%CI -51.6-34.7). The BlandAltman diagram for the non-dominant hand (NDH) had a mean error (bias) of 1.4% (95%CI -47.1-49.8). The calculation of Cronbach's alpha was 0.69 for the DH and 0.59 for the NDH. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.52 (95%CI 31-68) for the for the NDH. We therefore conclude that the reference equations for HGS evaluated in this study has low predictive validity for a population of Brazilian men middleaged and elderly, and may lead to a misinterpretation of the results.