2020) Effect of tannins and monensin on feeding behaviour, feed intake, digestive parameters and microbial efficiency of nellore cowsABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the associative effect of monensin and tannins on intake, feeding behaviour, digestibility, rumen kinetics, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance. In a 2 Â 4 factorial arrangement, 8 rumen cannulated Nellore cows were distributed in 2 contemporary 4 Â 4 Latin squares and received 8 diets that differed in the level of tannins (0.00, 0.75, 1.50 and 2.25% DM) and presence of monensin. Monensin was daily administered to each cow in one square (about 32 mg/kg DM). No interaction between monensin and tannins was observed (p > .05). Tannins linearly reduced feed intake, but linearly increased daily eating time (p < .05), although these did not alter the number of meals. Monensin increased CP digestibility by 6% (p ¼ .0387) while tannins linearly reduced digestibility of DM, CP, OM and TDN, whereas the reduction was quadratic for ADF and NDF. Tannins linearly reduced the rumen disappearance rate by linearly reducing both passage and digestion rates. Tannins also linearly reduced urinary urea, though neither additive affected microbial protein synthesis. Monensin reduced the proportion of N excreted in faeces, whereas tannins linearly increased faecal N and linearly reduced both urinary and retained N. Monensin and tannins have shown independent effects on feeding behaviour, feed intake, digestive parameters, microbial protein synthesis and N balance, but they did not improve nutrient usage, although monensin alone has shown to have potential to promote N utilisation. Tannins may play an important role in reducing the excretion of N in urine. HIGHLIGHTSTannins reduce the efficiency of nutrient usage in cattle. Tannins change the pathway of the excretion of the feeding nitrogen. The emission of N 2 O from the urine may be reduced by the use of tannins in cattle feeding. ARTICLE HISTORYpromoting the production of propionate (Duffield et al., 2008a). This may alter the feeding behaviour and reduce DMI by a metabolic-feedback effect. The meta-analysis of Duffield et al. (2012) shows that monensin reduces DMI and improves average daily gain through improvement of feed efficiency. But other studies, such as of Hamilton et al. (2010), Mullins et al. (2012) and Perna Junior et al. (2017 found no effect, suggesting that the effect may vary among studies. Monensin also reduces rumen protein digestion with a consequent reduction of rumen ammonia production CONTACT Dr.
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the association between different feed additives on ruminal fermentation parameters especially ruminal methane on cannulated beef cattle. Five Nellore cows, 480 ± 55 kg, ruminally cannulated were used. The experimental was a 5 x 5 Latin square design and the experimental unit was the animal within each period (n = 25 experimental units). The diets offered differed only by the inclusion or not of monensin, calcium nitrate or tannin, totaling five treatments: Control (without addition of additives), Monensin (30 ppm in the diet), Nitrate (3.0% of DM), Tannin (1.5% of DM) and Pool (combination of the three additives), being supplied in a basal diet with a concentrate: roughage (corn silage) ratio of 60:40. The study was divided into five periods, each one with 26 days. Sixteen days were used for adaptation to the experimental diets; ruminal fluid samples were collected at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12h after feeding at 22nd day. To evaluate CH4 production and ammoniacal nitrogen balance, samples were incubated ex situ on equality ruminal conditions and then analyzed by gas chromatography and UV spectrophotometric, respectively. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and differences were declared significant at 5%. There was interaction between sampling time and treatment (P < 0001) and all the additives were efficient in decreasing the methane production in mol/g/hour (P < 0001), mol/kg/day (P < 0001) and g/kg/day (P < 0001). Comparing to the Control all additives decreased CH4 production, and decreases were 9.5% for monensin, 18.75% for tannin, 19.8% for calcium nitrate and 28.8% for the Pool (monensin, nitrate and tannin). Concentration and balance of rumen NH3-N was not affected by any treatments. It was possible to conclude that association of additives of different mechanism of action presented a partial additive effect.
Aimed to evaluate the association between essential oils (Next Enhance 300®), exogenous enzymes (Allzyme SSF®), and monensin for the rumen fermentation manipulation, especially reduction of rumen methane in Nellore cattle. Eight cows weighing 480 ± 55 kg and cannulated in the rumen were used in two 4x4 Latin squares, into a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement, which one of the factors being analyzed by the squared effect. The animals fed the same basal diet using a corn silage: concentrate ratio of 60:40. The factors used were: 300 mg/animal/d, 10 g/animal/d, 300 mg/animal/d for essential oils, exogenous enzyme, and monensin, respectively. Each experimental period lasted 26 days. Sixteen days were used for adaptation to the experimental diets, while from D16 to D21 for evaluation of DMI and D22 to evaluate rumen fermentation (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12h after feeding) through the ex situ technique, which consists of incubating ruminal content in conditions similar to those of the rumen allowing the measurement of rumen production (SCFA and methane). Differences were considered significant when P-value was below 0,05 through analysis of variance using mixed procedure. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed for DMI Monensin decreased (P < 0.05) the concentration of acetic, butyric and total SCFA. However, the production of acetic acid, propionic acid, total SCFA and acetate:propionate ratio was not altered (P > 0,05). Significant interaction (P < 0.05) between enzyme and monensin was observed for butyric acid production, indicating the enzyme used alone did not alter the production of these acid, but when associated with monensin, a reduction was observed. The enzyme reduced (P < 0.05) methane concentration, and when associated with monensin this reduction was increased. However methane production was not affected (P > 0.05). The feed additives evaluated do not reduce the rumen production of methane, but reduced butyric acid production.
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